Prevention is related to the cause. For example, safer sex practices can help avoid cases from STDs. Avoiding anal sex can prevent cases from trauma due to this cause. Many cases cannot be prevented.
Most long-term effects are related to the cause. Anal discomfort from diarrhea usually goes away without treatment and has no long-term effects. Inflammatory bowel disease can cause serious problems throughout the body. These may include damage to the intestines, joint pain, and visual impairments. Anal cancer can sometimes cause death.
Anal discomfort is not contagious. However, if an infection is the cause, the infection might be contagious.