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Colposcopy
Overview & Description
Colposcopy involves the use of a special lighted microscope to magnify the surface of the cervix during a pelvic examination. The cervix is the lowest part of the uterus and contains the opening from the uterus to the vagina.
Who is a candidate for the procedure?
A colposcopy may be used in combination with a cervical biopsy to detect cancer of the cervix or precancerous changes known as cervical dysplasia. A cervical biopsy is usually done after a woman has abnormal results from a Pap smear that is done as part of a pelvic examination. A Pap smear is a test in which the provider uses a small spatula and a brush to gently scrape cells from the woman's cervix. These cells are sent to a lab for testing. The Pap smear may show early, abnormal, cancer-like changes in the cells of the cervix.
A woman should have a colposcopy, as well as a cervical biopsy, if the following conditions apply:
How is the procedure performed?
A colposcopy is done with the woman lying on her back with her feet in stirrups. The healthcare provider places a speculum inside the woman's vagina. This instrument helps enlarge the opening of the vagina, which allows the provider to see the cervix and vaginal interior.
The healthcare provider uses the colposcope to magnify and examine the cervix and vagina. To make cells more visible under the colposcope, the provider puts a mild solution of vinegar on the area. Sometimes the healthcare provider also uses a solution of weak iodine.
If a cervical biopsy is being done at the same time as the colposcopy, the healthcare provider takes small bits of tissue, or a biopsy, from suspicious areas. The technique is called cervical punch biopsy. The woman may feel a brief pinch or cramp. The healthcare provider records the location of the abnormal areas and sends the tissue sample or samples to a lab to be viewed under a microscope.
Preparation & Expectations
What happens right after the procedure?
Cramping usually passes within minutes of the colposcopy. If she sits up too quickly, a woman may feel lightheaded. Lying down for a few minutes after the procedure prevents this. Any further cramping may be treated with an over-the-counter pain medication, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen.
If a biopsy was also done, the biopsy samples are sent to the laboratory to be examined under the microscope by the pathologist. The healthcare provider discusses the pathologist's findings with the woman. Abnormalities can range from mild cervical dysplasia, or slightly abnormal changes in the cells examined, to cancer of the cervix. Treatments and follow-up depend upon the exact diagnosis.
Home Care and Complications
What happens later at home?
For 1 to 2 days after a colposcopy and cervical biopsy, a woman may have a small amount of pinkish discharge from the vagina. For 2 to 3 days afterward, she should avoid sexual intercourse, douches, and tampon use.
What are the potential complications after the procedure?
A woman may experience minor bleeding after a colposcopy and cervical biopsy. Other potential complications include heavier vaginal bleeding, infection, or allergic reaction to the iodine used in the procedure. Any new or worsening symptoms should be reported to the healthcare provider.
Attribution
Author:David T. Moran, MD
Date Written:
Editor:Ballenberg, Sally, BS
Edit Date:01/31/01
Reviewer:Eileen McLaughlin, RN, BSN
Date Reviewed:07/13/01