Sigmoidoscopy

The sigmoid is the last small stretch of colon, or large intestine, before the rectum. A sigmoidoscopy is a procedure that is done to examine this part of the colon as well as the rectum and the anus.

Who is a candidate for the procedure?

This procedure may be done if a doctor suspects or knows a person has:

This procedure is also done to screen for colon cancer in healthy persons starting at age 50. It may be done before age 50 if a person has risk factors, such as a family history of colon cancer.

How is the procedure performed?

Before the procedure, the bowel must be cleaned out to allow a good view. If too much stool is in the lower colon, the doctor will be unable to see the inside walls of the bowel. A person will be asked to stop eating at least 8 hours before the procedure. Laxatives and an enema are often given before the procedure. This helps to clear the bowel. This preparation is very important. If the instructions are not followed, the procedure may have to be repeated.

The procedure takes about 15 to 20 minutes. It may be done in a clinic, a doctor's office, or the hospital. The person may be given a medication to help him or her relax. Before the procedure, the person changes into a hospital gown. He or she then lies on an exam table in a special position, such as:

During the exam, an endoscope is used to allow the doctor to see the inside of the bowel. Endoscopy uses a special tube with a light and camera on to the end of it.

The anus is lubricated and the endoscope is passed through it into the rectum. This is somewhat uncomfortable and may cause an urge to defecate. Puffs of air through the tube are used to help open up the colon. This makes it much easier to get a good view of the tissues.

During the procedure, the doctor can also: