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Attention, chocolate lovers: You may not be able to help yourselves. Swiss and British scientists have linked the widespread love of chocolate to a chemical "signature" that may be programmed into our metabolic systems.
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Urinalysis

Results and Values

What do the test results mean?

Normal test results for urine are:

color: varies from colorless to dark yellow. Certain foods may stain it.

specific gravity: ranges from 1.006 to 1.030. The higher the number, the more concentrated the urine.

pH, or relative acidity or alkalinity: ranges from 4.6 to 8.0. The average is 6.0, which is slightly acidic.

sugars, ketones, and proteins: None present.

blood: no red blood cells or hemoglobin are present.

bilirubin: none.

white blood cells: none.

Abnormal test results for urine are:

color: other than normal.

specific gravity: higher or lower values. This may indicate kidney disorders. Exceptions are those related to food or liquid intake.

pH: overly acidic or alkaline urine. This warrants medical attention.

sugar and ketones,usually tested together: high levels of glucose and ketones may indicate diabetes.

protein: any present may indicate kidney disorders.

blood: any present may indicate bleeding from the kidney, a urinary tract infection, or trauma from rigorous exercise.

bilirubin: any present indicates liver or bile duct disease.

nitrites and white blood cells: their presence indicates a urinary tract infection.

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