Gonal-f® (follitropin alfa for injection) is a human follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) preparation of recombinant DNA origin, which consists of two non-covalently linked, non-identical glycoproteins designated as the α- and β-subunits. The α- and β-subunits have 92 and 111 amino acids, respectively, and their primary and tertiary structure are indistinguishable from those of human follicle stimulating hormone. Recombinant FSH production occurs in genetically modified Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells cultured in bioreactors. Purification by immunochromatography using an antibody specifically binding FSH results in a highly purified preparation with a consistent FSH isoform profile, and a high specific activity. The biological activity of follitropin alfa is determined by measuring the increase in ovary weight in female rats. The in vivo biological activity of follitropin alfa has been calibrated against the first International Standard for Recombinant Human Follicle Stimulation Hormone established in 1995 by the Expert Committee on Biological Standards of the World Health Organization. Gonal-f® contains no luteinizing hormone (LH) activity. Based on available data derived from physico-chemical tests and bioassays, follitropin alfa and follitropin beta, another recombinant follicle stimulating hormone product, are indistinguishable.
Gonal-f® is a sterile, lyophilized powder intended for subcutaneous injection after reconstitution.
Each Gonal-f® Multi-Dose vial is filled with 600 IU (44 μg) follitropin alfa to deliver 450 IU (33 μg) follitropin alfa and contains 30 mg sucrose, 1.11 mg dibasic sodium phosphate dihydrate and 0.45 mg monobasic sodium phosphate monohydrate. O-phosphoric acid and/or sodium hydroxide may be used prior to lyophilization for pH adjustment. Multiple Dose vials are reconstituted with Bacteriostatic Water for Injection (0.9% benzyl alcohol), USP.
Under current storage conditions, Gonal-f® may contain up to 10% of oxidized follitropin alfa.
Therapeutic Class: Infertility
Gonal-f® (follitropin alfa for injection) stimulates ovarian follicular growth in women who do not have primary ovarian failure. FSH, the active component of Gonal-f® is the primary hormone responsible for follicular recruitment and development. In order to effect final maturation of the follicle and ovulation in the absence of an endogenous LH surge, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) must be given following the administration of Gonal-f® when monitoring of the patient indicates that sufficient follicular development has occurred. There is interpatient variability in response to FSH administration. The physico-chemical, immunological, and biological activities of recombinant FSH (r-hFSH) are comparable to those of pituitary and human menopausal urine-derived FSH. Gonal-f® (follitropin alfa for injection), when administered with hCG, stimulates spermatogenesis in men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. FSH, the active component of Gonal-f®, is the primary hormone responsible for spermatogenesis.
Single dose pharmacokinetics of follitropin alfa were determined following intravenous, subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of 150 IU Gonal-f® to 12 healthy, down-regulated female volunteers. Steady-state pharmacokinetics were also determined in 12 healthy down-regulated female volunteers who were administered a single daily dose of 150 IU for seven days. These pharmacokinetics were confirmed in pituitary down-regulated women undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF/ET), treated with FSH doses of up to 450 IU per day. Additionally, single dose pharmacokinetics of follitropin alfa were determined following subcutaneous administration of 225 IU Gonal-f® to 12 healthy adult male volunteers in a cross-over design. Steady state pharmacokinetics were also determined in 6 healthy adult male volunteers who were administered a single daily dose of 225 IU Gonal-f® for 7 days. No significant difference in pharmacokinetics is expected in males versus females when administered Gonal-f® subcutaneously. The pharmacokinetic parameters from these studies are included in Table 1.
| Population | Female | Male | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy Female Volunteers | IVF/ET Patients | Healthy Male Volunteers | ||||
| Dose (IU) | Single Dose IM | Single Dose SC | Multiple Dose SC | Multiple Dose SC | Single Dose SC | Multiple Dose SC |
| (150 IU) | (150 IU) | (7 x 150 IU) | (5 x 225 IU)* | (225 IU) | (7 x 225 IU) | |
| Abbreviations are: IVF/ET: in vitro fertilization/embryo transfer; | ||||||
| Cmax: peak concentration (above baseline); | ||||||
| tmax : time of Cmax; | ||||||
| CL/F: apparent clearance; | ||||||
| V/F: apparent volume of distribution; calculated using a one-compartment model. | ||||||
| t½: absorption half-life; | ||||||
| F: bioavailability compared to IV | ||||||
| # Steady-state AUC144-168 (After the 7th daily SC dose) | ||||||
| * First five days of fixed regimen followed by adjustment of the dose depending on response | ||||||
| ** increases with body mass index | ||||||
| AUC (IU-hr/L) | 206 ± 66 | 176 ± 87 | 187 ± 61# | --- | 220 ± 109 | 186 ± 23# |
| Cmax (IU/L) | 3 ± 1 | 3 ± 1 | 9 ± 3 | --- | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 8.3 ± 0.9 |
| tmax (hr) | 25 ± 10 | 16 ± 10 | 8 ± 6 | --- | 20 ± 14 | 10.7 ± 6.7 |
| t½ terminal (hr) | 50 ± 27 | 24 ± 11 | 24 ± 8 | 32** | 41 ± 14 | 32 ± 4 |
| CL/F (L/hr) | --- | --- | --- | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.86 ± 0.48 | 0.90 ± 0.12 |
| V/F (L) | --- | --- | --- | 10 ± 3 | --- | --- |
| F (%) | 76 ± 30 | 66 ± 39 | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Women:
The safety and efficacy of Gonal-f® have been examined in four clinical studies, two studies for ovulation induction and two studies for assisted reproductive technologies (ART). In these comparative studies, there were no clinically significant differences between treatment groups in study outcomes.
1. Ovulation Induction:
The safety and efficacy of Gonal-f® administered subcutaneously vs. urofollitropin administered intramuscularly were assessed in a phase III, open-label, randomized, comparative, multinational, multicenter study in oligo-anovulatory infertile women who failed to ovulate or conceive following adequate clomiphene citrate therapy (Study 5642).
The primary efficacy parameter was the ovulation rate. Two hundred and twenty-two patients entered into the first cycle of treatment, of whom 110 received Gonal-f® and 112 received urofollitropin. Ovulation rates were similar between Gonal-f® and urofollitropin treatment groups. The study results for the 222 patients who received treatment in at least one cycle are summarized in Table 2.
| Study 5642 | Gonal-f® (n=110) | Urofollitropin (n=112) | ||
| * A clinical pregnancy was defined as a pregnancy during which a fetal sac (with or without heart activity) was visualized by ultrasound on day 34-36 after hCG administration. | ||||
| Cumulative Ovulation Rate | ||||
| Cycle 1 | 64% | 59% | ||
| Cycle 2 | 78% | 82% | ||
| Cycle 3 | 84% | 91% | ||
| Cumulative Clinical Pregnancy* Rate | ||||
| Cycle 1 | 21% | 21% | ||
| Cycle 2 | 28% | 38% | ||
| Cycle 3 | 35% | 46% | ||
For the 90 patients who had a clinical pregnancy (39 in Gonal-f® group; 51 in urofollitropin group), the outcome of the pregnancy was:
| Study 5642 | Gonal-f® (n=39) | Urofollitropin (n=51) |
| Pregnancies not reaching term | 20.5% | 13.7% |
| Single births | 74.4% | 74.5% |
| Multiple births | 5.1% | 11.8% |
A second randomized, comparative, open-label, multicenter study was conducted in 23 U.S. centers (Study 5727). The primary efficacy parameter was ovulation rate. Ovulation rates were similar between Gonal-f® and urofollitropin treatment groups. Two hundred and thirty-two patients with oligo-anovulatory infertility received treatment with up to three cycles of Gonal-f® administered subcutaneously (118 patients) or urofollitropin administered intramuscularly (114 patients).
The cumulative patient ovulation rate and clinical pregnancy rates by cycle are presented for the 232 patients who received treatment in at least one cycle.
| Study 5727 | Gonal-f® (n=118) | Urofollitropin (n=114) | ||
| * A clinical pregnancy was defined as a pregnancy during which a fetal sac (with or without heart activity) was visualized by ultrasound on day 34-36 after hCG administration. | ||||
| Cumulative Ovulation Rate | ||||
| Cycle 1 | 58% | 68% | ||
| Cycle 2 | 72% | 86% | ||
| Cycle 3 | 81% | 93% | ||
| Cumulative Clinical Pregnancy Rate * | ||||
| Cycle 1 | 13% | 14% | ||
| Cycle 2 | 25% | 25% | ||
| Cycle 3 | 37% | 36% | ||
For the 85 patients who had a clinical pregnancy (44 in Gonal-f® group; 41 in urofollitropin group), the outcome of the pregnancy is shown in Table 5.
| Study 5727 | Gonal-f® (n=44) | Urofollitropin (n=41) |
| Pregnancies not reaching term | 22.7% | 22.0% |
| Single births | 63.6% | 65.9% |
| Multiple births | 13.7% | 12.2% |
2. Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART):
The safety and efficacy of Gonal-f® administered subcutaneously vs. urofollitropin administered intramuscularly were assessed in a phase III, open-label, randomized, comparative, multinational, multicenter study in ovulatory, infertile women undergoing stimulation of multiple follicles for In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer (IVF/ET) after pituitary down-regulation with a GnRH agonist (Study 5503). The purpose of the study was to demonstrate that Gonal-f®, administered subcutaneously, was clinically not different in terms of safety and efficacy from urofollitropin, administered intramuscularly. The initial and maximal doses of Gonal-f® were 225 and 450 IU, respectively. The primary efficacy parameter was the number of mature pre-ovulatory follicles on the day of hCG administration. One hundred and twenty-three patients were randomized and received either Gonal-f® (60 patients) or urofollitropin (63 patients).
The results summarized in Table 6 are mean data with Gonal-f® and urofollitropin administered to ovulatory infertile women undergoing multiple follicular development for IVF/ET.
| Study 5503 | Gonal-f® (n=60) | Urofollitropin (n=63) |
| * A clinical pregnancy was defined as a pregnancy during which a fetal sac (with or without heart activity) was visualized by ultrasound on day 34-36 after hCG administration. | ||
| Mean number of follicles ≥ 14mm diameter on day of hCG | 7.8 | 9.2 |
| Mean number of oocytes recovered per patient | 9.3 | 10.7 |
| Mean Serum E2 (pg/mL) on day of hCG | 1576 | 2193 |
| Mean treatment duration in days (range) | 9.9 (5-20) | 9.4 (5-14) |
| Clinical pregnancy* rate per attempt | 20% | 16% |
| Clinical pregnancy* rate per embryo transfer | 24% | 19% |
For the 22 patients who had a clinical pregnancy (12 in Gonal-f® group; 10 in urofollitropin group), the outcome of the pregnancy is shown in Table 7.
| Study 5503 | Gonal-f® (n=12) | Urofollitropin (n=10) |
| Pregnancies not reaching term | 25.0% | 20.0% |
| Single births | 41.7% | 50.0% |
| Multiple births | 33.3% | 30.0% |
A second randomized, comparative, open-label, multicenter study was conducted in 7 U.S. centers (Study 5533). One hundred and fourteen patients with ovulatory infertility undergoing IVF/ET were randomized and received either Gonal-f® by subcutaneous administration (56 patients) or urofollitropin by intramuscular administration (58 patients) following pituitary down-regulation with a GnRH agonist. The primary efficacy parameter was the number of mature pre-ovulatory follicles on the day of hCG administration. Results are summarized in Table 8.
| Study 5533 | Gonal-f® (n=56) | urofollitropin (n=58) |
| * A clinical pregnancy was defined as a pregnancy during which a fetal sac (with or without heart activity) was visualized by ultrasound on day 34-36 after hCG administration. | ||
| Mean number of follicles ≥ 14mm diameter on day of hCG | 7.2 | 8.3 |
| Mean number of oocytes recovered per patient | 9.3 | 12.3 |
| Mean Serum E2 (pg/mL) on day of hCG | 1236 | 1513 |
| Mean treatment duration in days (range) | 10.1(5-15) | 9.0 (5-12) |
| Clinical pregnancy* rate per attempt | 21% | 22% |
| Clinical pregnancy* rate per embryo transfer | 26% | 25% |
For the 25 patients who had a clinical pregnancy (12 in Gonal-f® group; 13 in urofollitropin group), the outcome of the pregnancy is shown in Table 9.
| Study 5533 | Gonal-f® (n=12) | Urofollitropin (n=13) |
| Pregnancies not reaching term | 33.3% | 30.8% |
| Single births | 41.7% | 38.5% |
| Multiple births | 25.0% | 30.8% |
Men:
The safety and efficacy of Gonal-f® administered concomitantly with hCG have been examined in three open-label clinical studies for induction of spermatogenesis in men with primary and secondary hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
The three multicenter studies involved three to six months of pretreatment with chorionic gonadotropin for injection (Profasi®) to normalize serum testosterone levels, followed by 18 months of treatment with Gonal-f® and hCG. The objective of each study was induction of spermatogenesis (a sperm density of ≥ 1.5 x 106/mL).
Study 5844 enrolled 32 patients in six centers in the United Kingdom, France and Germany. The second trial, Study 6410, was conducted in Australia and enrolled 10 patients in two centers. Study 6793, conducted in 7 centers in the United States, was planned to enroll 32 patients. The interim data for the US study includes 30 of the planned 32 patients. For all 3 studies, a total of 72 patients were enrolled and received hCG and 56 of those patients entered the Gonal-f® treatment phase of the trials.
The populations enrolled in the three studies were similar: Study 5844 studied a naïve population who had had no prior treatment with gonadotropins; mean age was 25.9 (range 16 to 48) years, mean (± SD) testis volume was 2.0 ± 1.2 mL, and 12 of the 32 patients (37.5%) were anosmic. Thirty-one of the patients were Caucasian and one was Asian. In Study 6410, mean age was 36 (range 26 to 48) years, 6 and 1 of the 10 patients had previously been treated with gonadotropins and GnRH, respectively; mean testis volume was 4.5 ± 2.9 mL; and 2 of the 10 patients (20%) were anosmic. Seven patients were Caucasian and three were Asian. In the 30 patients reported in the interim analysis of Study 6793, the mean age was 30.1 (range 22 to 44) years; 4 and 3 of the 30 patients had been treated with gonadotropins and GnRH, respectively, in the past; mean testis volume was 4.4 ± 1.3 mL; and 10 of the 30 patients (33.3%) were anosmic. Twenty five of the patients were Caucasian, three were Asian, and one each of Moroccan and Indian ancestry.
The primary efficacy endpoint of all three studies was the achievement of a sperm density ≥ 1.5 x 106/mL. The study results for the patients treated with Gonal-f® and hCG are summarized in Table 10.
| Study 5844 (n=26) | Study 6410 (n=8) | Study 6793 (n=22) * | |||
| * Interim data | |||||
| Sperm Concentration≥ 1.5 x 106/mL | |||||
| Yes | 12 (46.2%) | 5 (62.5%) | 14 (63.6%) | ||
| No | 14 (53.8%) | 3 (37.5%) | 8 (36.4%) | ||
| 95% Confidence Interval | (26.6% - 66.6%) | (24.5% - 91.5%) | (40.7% - 82.8%) | ||
The time to achievement of the primary efficacy endpoint is summarized in Table 11.
| Study 5844 (n=26) | Study 6410 (n=8) | Study 6793 (n=22) * | ||
| * Interim data | ||||
| Number of Men Achieving Sperm Concentration | ||||
| n | 12 | 5 | 14 | |
| Time (Months) to Sperm | ||||
| Concentration ≥ 1.5 x 106/mL | ||||
| Median | 12.4 | 9.1 | 6.8 | |
| Range | (2.7 – 18.1) | (8.8 – 11.7) | (2.8 – 15.7) | |
| Study 5844 (n=7) | Study 6410 (n=10) | Study 6793 (n=20) * | |
| * Interim data | |||
| Pregnancy | 6 (86%) | 3 (30%) | 3 (15%) |
| Pregnancy not reaching term | 1 (14%) | 1 (10%) | 2 (10%) |
| Single births | 5 (71%) | 2 (20%) | 1 (5%) |
Of the 56 patients who received Gonal-f® in Studies 5844, 6410, and 6793, 12 pregnancies were achieved in 10 partners of the 37 patients who were seeking pregnancy and who currently had a partner during the studies. Thus, pregnancy (clinical and chemical) was documented to have been achieved by 27% of the patients’ partners seeking pregnancy during the exposure period to Gonal-f® in the 3 trials. Eight pregnancies continued to term, and 8 healthy babies were born to 7 couples as a result of those studies.
Women: Gonal-f® (follitropin alfa for injection) is indicated for the induction of ovulation and pregnancy in the anovulatory infertile patient in whom the cause of infertility is functional and not due to primary ovarian failure. Gonal-f® is also indicated for the development of multiple follicles in the ovulatory patient participating in an Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) program.
Selection of Patients:
Before treatment with Gonal-f® is instituted, a thorough gynecologic and endocrinologic evaluation must be performed. This should include an assessment of pelvic anatomy. Patients with tubal obstruction should receive Gonal-f® only if enrolled in an in vitro fertilization program.
Primary ovarian failure should be excluded by the determination of gonadotropin levels.
Appropriate evaluation should be performed to exclude pregnancy.
Patients in later reproductive life have a greater predisposition to endometrial carcinoma as well as a higher incidence of anovulatory disorders. A thorough diagnostic evaluation should always be performed in patients who demonstrate abnormal uterine bleeding or other signs of endometrial abnormalities before starting Gonal-f® therapy.
Evaluation of the partner’s fertility potential should be included in the initial evaluation.
Men: Gonal-f® (follitropin alfa for injection) is indicated for the induction of spermatogenesis in men with primary and secondary hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in whom the cause of infertility is not due to primary testicular failure.
Selection of Patients:
Before treatment with Gonal-f® is instituted for azoospermia, a thorough medical and endocrinologic evaluation must be performed.
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism should be confirmed, and primary testicular failure should be excluded by the determination of gonadotropin levels.
Prior to Gonal-f® therapy for azoospermia in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, serum testosterone levels should be normalized.
Gonal-f® (follitropin alfa for injection) is contraindicated in women and men who exhibit:
Prior hypersensitivity to recombinant FSH preparations or one of their excipients.
High levels of FSH indicating primary gonadal failure.
Uncontrolled thyroid or adrenal dysfunction.
Sex hormone dependent tumors of the reproductive tract and accessory organs.
An organic intracranial lesion such as a pituitary tumor.
And in women who exhibit:
Abnormal uterine bleeding of undetermined origin (see "Selection of Patients").
Ovarian cyst or enlargement of undetermined origin (see "Selection of Patients").
Pregnancy.
Gonal-f® (follitropin alfa for injection) should only be used by physicians who are thoroughly familiar with infertility problems and their management.
Gonal-f® is a potent gonadotropic substance capable of causing Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) in women with or without pulmonary or vascular complications. Gonadotropin therapy requires a certain time commitment by physicians and supportive health professionals, and requires the availability of appropriate monitoring facilities (see "Precautions / Laboratory Tests"). Safe and effective use of Gonal-f® in women requires monitoring of ovarian response with serum estradiol and vaginal ultrasound on a regular basis. The lowest effective dose should be used.
Ovarian Enlargement: Mild to moderate uncomplicated ovarian enlargement which may be accompanied by abdominal distention and/or abdominal pain occurs in approximately 20% of those treated with urofollitropin and hCG, and generally regresses without treatment within two or three weeks. Careful monitoring of ovarian response can further minimize the risk of overstimulation.
If the ovaries are abnormally enlarged on the last day of Gonal-f® therapy, hCG should not be administered in this course of therapy. This will reduce the chances of development of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome.
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS): OHSS is a medical event distinct from uncomplicated ovarian enlargement. Severe OHSS may progress rapidly (within 24 hours to several days) to become a serious medical event. It is characterized by an apparent dramatic increase in vascular permeability which can result in a rapid accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, thorax, and potentially, the pericardium. The early warning signs of development of OHSS are severe pelvic pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight gain. The following symptomatology has been seen with cases of OHSS: abdominal pain, abdominal distension, gastrointestinal symptoms including nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, severe ovarian enlargement, weight gain, dyspnea, and oliguria. Clinical evaluation may reveal hypovolemia, hemoconcentration, electrolyte imbalances, ascites, hemoperitoneum, pleural effusions, hydrothorax, acute pulmonary distress, and thromboembolic events (see "Pulmonary and Vascular Complications"). Transient liver function test abnormalities suggestive of hepatic dysfunction, which may be accompanied by morphologic changes on liver biopsy, have been reported in association with Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS).
OHSS occurred in 9 of 228 (3.9%) Gonal-f® treated women during ovulation induction clinical trials and of this number, 1 of 228 (0.4%) was classified as severe. In ART clinical studies, OHSS occurred in 0 of 116 (0.0%) Gonal-f® treated women. OHSS may be more severe and more protracted if pregnancy occurs. OHSS develops rapidly; therefore, patients should be followed for at least two weeks after hCG administration. Most often, OHSS occurs after treatment has been discontinued and reaches its maximum at about seven to ten days following treatment. Usually, OHSS resolves spontaneously with the onset of menses. If there is evidence that OHSS may be developing prior to hCG administration (see "Precautions / Laboratory Tests"), the hCG must be withheld.
If severe OHSS occurs, treatment must be stopped and the patient should be hospitalized.
A physician experienced in the management of this syndrome, or who is experienced in the management of fluid and electrolyte imbalances should be consulted.
Serious pulmonary conditions (e.g., atelectasis, acute respiratory distress syndrome and exacerbation of asthma) have been reported. In addition, thromboembolic events both in association with, and separate from Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome have been reported. Intravascular thrombosis and embolism can result in reduced blood flow to critical organs or the extremities. Sequelae of such events have included venous thrombophlebitis, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary infarction, cerebral vascular occlusion (stroke), and arterial occlusion resulting in loss of limb. In rare cases, pulmonary complications and/or thromboembolic events have resulted in death.
Reports of multiple births have been associated with Gonal-f® treatment. In ovulation induction clinical trials, 12.3% of live births were multiple births in women receiving Gonal-f® and 14.5% of live births were multiple births in women receiving urofollitropin. In IVF/ET clinical trials, 44.0% of live births were multiple births in women receiving Gonal-f® and 41.0% of live births were multiple births in women receiving urofollitropin and is dependent on the number of embryos transferred. The patient should be advised of the potential risk of multiple births before starting treatment.
Careful attention should be given to the diagnosis of infertility in candidates for Gonal-f® (follitropin alfa for injection) therapy (see "Indications and Usage / Selection of Patients").
Prior to therapy with Gonal-f®, patients should be informed of the duration of treatment and monitoring of their condition that will be required. The risks of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and multiple births in women (see WARNINGS) and other possible adverse reactions (see “Adverse Reactions”) should also be discussed.
A ‘Patient’s Information Leaflet’ is provided for patients prescribed Gonal-f® Multi-Dose.
In most instances, treatment of women with Gonal-f® results only in follicular recruitment and development. In the absence of an endogenous LH surge, hCG is given when monitoring of the patient indicates that sufficient follicular development has occurred. This may be estimated by ultrasound alone or in combination with measurement of serum estradiol levels. The combination of both ultrasound and serum estradiol measurement are useful for monitoring the development of follicles, for timing of the ovulatory trigger, as well as for detecting ovarian enlargement and minimizing the risk of the Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome and multiple gestation. It is recommended that the number of growing follicles be confirmed using ultrasonography because plasma estrogens do not give an indication of the size or number of follicles.
The clinical confirmation of ovulation, with the exception of pregnancy, is obtained by direct and indirect indices of progesterone production. The indices most generally used are as follows:
A rise in basal body temperature;
Increase in serum progesterone; and
Menstruation following a shift in basal body temperature.
When used in conjunction with the indices of progesterone production, sonographic visualization of the ovaries will assist in determining if ovulation has occurred. Sonographic evidence of ovulation may include the following:
Fluid in the cul-de-sac;
Ovarian stigmata;
Collapsed follicle; and
Secretory endometrium.
Accurate interpretation of the indices of follicle development and maturation require a physician who is experienced in the interpretation of these tests.
No drug/drug interaction studies have been performed.
Long-term studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of Gonal-f®. However, follitropin alfa showed no mutagenic activity in a series of tests performed to evaluate its potential genetic toxicity including, bacterial and mammalian cell mutation tests, a chromosomal aberration test and a micronucleus test.
Impaired fertility has been reported in rats, exposed to pharmacological doses of follitropin alfa (≥40 IU/kg/day) for extended periods, through reduced fecundity.
Pregnancy Category X. See CONTRAINDICATIONS.
It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in the nursing infant from Gonal-f®, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Women:
The safety of Gonal-f® was examined in four clinical studies that enrolled 691 patients into two studies for ovulation induction (454 patients) and two studies for ART (237 patients).
Adverse events occurring in more than 10% of patients were headache, ovarian cyst, nausea, and upper respiratory tract infection in the U.S. ovulation induction study and headache in the U.S. ART study. Adverse events (without regard to causality assessment) occurring in at least 2% of patients are uled in Table 13 and Table 14.
| Body System | Gonal-f® | Urofollitropin | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preferred Term | Patients (%) Experiencing Events | Patients (%) Experiencing Events | ||
| Treatment cycles = 288 | Treatment cycles = 277 | |||
| n=118 | n= 114 | |||
| * up to 3 cycles of therapy | ||||
| ** Severe = 0.8% of 118 patients in Study 5727 | ||||
| Reproductive, Female | ||||
| Intermenstrual Bleeding | 9.3% | 4.4% | ||
| Breast Pain Female | 4.2% | 6.1% | ||
| Ovarian Hyperstimulation** | 6.8% | 3.5% | ||
| Dysmenorrhea | 2.5% | 6.1% | ||
| Ovarian Disorder | 1.7% | 2.6% | ||
| Cervix Lesion | 2.5% | 0.9% | ||
| Menstrual Disorder | 2.5% | 0.9% | ||
| Gastro-intestinal System | ||||
| Abdominal Pain | 9.3% | 12.3% | ||
| Nausea | 13.6% | 3.5% | ||
| Flatulence | 6.8% | 8.8% | ||
| Diarrhea | 7.6% | 3.5% | ||
| Vomiting | 2.5% | 2.6% | ||
| Dyspepsia | 1.7% | 3.5% | ||
| Central and Peripheral Nervous System | ||||
| Headache | 22.0% | 20.2% | ||
| Dizziness | 2.5% | 0.0% | ||
| Neoplasm | ||||
| Ovarian Cyst | 15.3% | 28.9% | ||
| Body as a Whole- General | ||||
| Pain | 5.9% | 6.1% | ||
| Back Pain | 5.1% | 1.8% | ||
| Influenza-like Symptoms | 4.2% | 2.6% | ||
| Fever | 4.2% | 1.8% | ||
| Respiratory System | ||||
| Upper Respiratory Tract Infection | 11.9% | 7.9% | ||
| Sinusitis | 5.1% | 5.3% | ||
| Pharyngitis | 2.5% | 3.5% | ||
| Coughing | 1.7% | 2.6% | ||
| Rhinitis | 0.8% | 2.6% | ||
| Skin and Appendages | ||||
| Acne | 4.2% | 2.6% | ||
| Psychiatric | ||||
| Emotional Lability | 5.1% | 2.6% | ||
| Urinary System | ||||
| Urinary Tract Infection | 1.7% | 4.4% | ||
| Resistance Mechanism | ||||
| Moniliasis Genital | 2.5% | 0.9% | ||
| Application Site | ||||
| Injection Site Pain | 2.5% | 0.9% | ||
Additional adverse events not uled in Table 13 that occurred in 1 to 2% of Gonal-f® treated patients in the US ovulation induction study included the following: leukorrhea, vaginal hemorrhage, migraine, fatigue, asthma, nervousness, somnolence, and hypotension.
| Body System | Gonal-f® | Urofollitropin | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Preferred Term | Patients (%) Experiencing Events | Patients (%) Experiencing Events | |
| n=59 | n= 61 | ||
| Reproductive, Female | |||
| Intermenstrual Bleeding | 3.6% | 5.2% | |
| Leukorrhea | 1.7% | 3.4% | |
| Vaginal Hemorrhage | 3.6% | 3.4% | |
| Gastro-intestinal System | |||
| Nausea | 5.4% | 1.7% | |
| Flatulence | 3.6% | 0.0% | |
| Central and Peripheral Nervous System | |||
| Headache | 12.5% | 3.4% | |
| Body as a Whole- General | |||
| Abdominal Pain | 8.9% | 3.4% | |
| Pelvic Pain Female | 7.1% | 1.7% | |
| Respiratory System | |||
| Upper Respiratory Tract Infection | 3.6% | 1.7% | |
| Metabolic and Nutritional | |||
| Weight Increase | 3.6% | 0.0% | |
Additional adverse events not uled in Table 14 that occurred in 1 to 2% of Gonal-f® treated patients in the U.S. Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) study included the following: D&C following delivery or abortion, dysmenorrhea, vaginal hemorrhage, diarrhea, tooth disorder, vomiting, dizziness, paraesthesia, abdomen enlarged, chest pain, fatigue, dyspnea, anorexia, anxiety, somnolence, injection site inflammation, injection site reaction, pruritus, pruritus genital, myalgia, thirst, and palpitation.
Two additional clinical studies (for ovulation induction and ART, respectively) were conducted in Europe. The safety profiles from these two studies were comparable to that of the data presented above.
Gonal-f® Multi-Dose was examined in twenty-five healthy volunteers who received 300 IU each of Gonal-f® from single-dose ampules and multi-dose vials. Overall, both presentations were well tolerated and local tolerability between the two groups was comparable. Injection site inspections revealed very rare local reactions (mild redness in one patient after single-dose injection and mild bruising in two subjects after multi-dose injection). Subjective assessments indicated minimal or mild transient pain in two and five subjects who received Gonal-f® single-dose and Gonal-f® multi-dose, respectively.
The following medical events have been reported subsequent to pregnancies resulting from Gonal-f® therapy in controlled clinical studies:
Spontaneous Abortion
Ectopic Pregnancy
Premature Labor
Postpartum Fever
Congenital abnormalities
Two incidents of congenital cardiac malformations have been reported in children born following pregnancies resulting from treatment with Gonal-f® and hCG in Gonal-f® clinical studies 5642 and 5727. In addition, a pregnancy occurring in study 5533 following treatment with Gonal-f® and hCG was complicated by apparent failure of intrauterine growth and terminated for a suspected syndrome of congenital abnormalities. No specific diagnosis was made. The incidence does not exceed that found in the general population.
The following adverse reactions have been previously reported during menotropin therapy:
Pulmonary and vascular complications (see "Warnings"),
Adnexal torsion (as a complication of ovarian enlargement),
Mild to moderate ovarian enlargement,
Hemoperitoneum
There have been infrequent reports of ovarian neoplasms, both benign and malignant, in women who have undergone multiple drug regimens for ovulation induction; however, a causal relationship has not been established.
Men:
The safety of Gonal-f® was examined in 3 clinical studies that enrolled 72 patients for induction of spermatogenesis and fertility of whom 56 patients received Gonal-f®. One hundred and twenty-three adverse events, including 7 serious events, were reported in 34 of the 56 patients during Gonal-f® treatment.
In Study 5844, 21 adverse events, including 4 serious adverse events, were reported by 14 of the 26 patients (53.8%) treated with Gonal-f®. Events occurring in more than one patient were varicocele (4) and injection site reactions (4). The 4 serious adverse events were testicular surgery for cryptorchidism, which existed prestudy, hemoptysis, an infected pilonidal cyst, and lymphadenopathy associated with an Epstein-Barr viral infection.
In Study 6410, 3 adverse events were reported in 2 of the 8 patients (24%) treated with Gonal-f®. One serious adverse event was reported, surgery for gynecomastia which existed at baseline.
In the interim analysis of Study 6793, 18 of 22 patients (81.8%) reported a total of 99 adverse events during Gonal-f® treatment. The most common events of possible, probable, or definite relationship to study drug therapy occurring in more than 2 patients were: acne (25 events in 13 patients; 59% of patients); breast pain (4 events in 3 patients; 13.6% of patients); and fatigue, gynecomastia, and injection site pain (each of which was reported as 2 events by 2 patients; 9.1% of patients). Two serious adverse events (hospitalization for drug abuse and depression) were reported by a single patient in the interim analysis.
A total of 12,026 injections of Gonal-f® were administered by the 56 patients who received Gonal-f® in Studies 5844, 6410, and 6793 combined. The injections were well-tolerated, with no or mild reactions (redness, swelling, bruising and itching) reported by patients for 93.3% of injections. Moderate and severe reactions, consisting primarily of pain, were reported for 4.8% of injections, and no self-assessment was available for 1.9% of injections.
Aside from possible ovarian hyperstimulation and multiple gestations (see "Warnings"), there is no information on the consequences of acute overdosage with Gonal-f® (follitropin alfa for injection).
Each Gonal-f® Multi-Dose Vial delivers 450 IU follitropin alfa.
Multi-Dose 450 IU Vial:
Dissolve the spans of one Multi-Dose vial (450 IU) with 1 mL Bacteriostatic Water for Injection (0.9% benzyl alcohol), USP. Resulting concentration will be 600 IU/mL. Following reconstitution as directed, product will deliver the equivalent of six 75 IU doses.
Patients should be instructed to use the accompanying syringes, calibrated in FSH units (IU FSH) for administration. The 27-gauge injection syringe (see figure below) has unit dose markings from 37.5 IU to 600 IU FSH for use with Gonal-f® Multi-Dose. Patients should be instructed to take a specific dose of Gonal-f® Multi-Dose. The doctor, nurse, or pharmacist should show the patient how to locate the syringe marking that corresponds to the prescribed dose.
Gonal-f® (follitropin alfa for injection) is supplied in a sterile, lyophilized form in multiple dose vials filled with 600 IU in order to deliver 450 IU FSH after reconstitution with diluent (Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP, containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol as a preservative). Each carton contains syringes with mounted 27G x 0.5 inch needle, calibrated in FSH units (IU FSH) which should be used for administration.
Lyophilized Multi-Dose vials may be stored refrigerated or at room temperature (2°-25°C/36°-77°F). Following reconstitution, the Multi-Dose vial may be stored refrigerated or at room temperature (2° 25°C/36°-77°F). Protect from light. Discard unused reconstituted solution after 28 days.
The following package combinations are available:
1 vial Gonal-f® Multi-Dose 450 IU, 1 pre-filled syringe of Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP (0.9% benzyl alcohol), 1 mL and 6 syringes calibrated in FSH Units (IU FSH) for injection NDC 44087-9030-1
Rx only
Manufactured for: SERONO, INC., Rockland, MA 02370 U.S.A.
Revised: May 2004 v3