Methylin^® Oral Solution
methylphenidate HCl oral solution, 5 mg/5 mL
methylphenidate HCl oral solution, 10 mg/5 mL

CII

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Methylin^® methylphenidate HCl oral solution, is a mild central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, available as 5 mg/5 mL and 10 mg/5 mL oral solutions for oral administration. Methylphenidate hydrochloride is methyl α-phenyl-2-piperidineacetate hydrochloride, and its structural formula is

Methylphenidate hydrochloride USP is a white, odorless, fine crystalline powder. Its solutions are acid to litmus. It is freely soluble in water and in methanol, soluble in alcohol, and slightly soluble in chloroform and in acetone.

Each mL of Methylin^® Oral Solution 5 mg/5 mL contains 1 mg of methylphenidate hydrochloride USP.

Each mL of Methylin^® Oral Solution 10 mg/5 mL contains 2 mg of methylphenidate hydrochloride USP.

In addition, Methylin^® Oral Solution also contains the following inactive ingredients: Citric Acid Anhydrous USP, Glycerin USP, N&A Grape Flavor, PEG 1450 NF, and Purified Water USP.

Methylphenidate is a racemic mixture comprised of the d- and l-threo enantiomers. The d-threo enantiomer is more pharmacologically active than the l-threo enantiomer.

Methylphenidate HCl is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant.

The mode of therapeutic action in humans is not completely understood, but methylphenidate presumably activates the brain stem arousal system and cortex to produce its stimulant effect. Methylphenidate is thought to block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into the presynaptic neuron and increase the release of these monoamines into the extraneuronal space.

There is neither specific evidence which clearly establishes the mechanism whereby Methylin^® produces its mental and behavioral effects in children, nor conclusive evidence regarding how these effects relate to the condition of the central nervous system.

Attention Deficit Disorders (previously known as Minimal Brain Dysfunction in Children). Other terms being used to describe the behavioral syndrome below include: Hyperkinetic Child Syndrome, Minimal Brain Damage, Minimal Cerebral Dysfunction, Minor Cerebral Dysfunction.

Methylin^® is indicated as an integral part of a total treatment program which typically includes other remedial measures (psychological, educational, social) for a stabilizing effect in children with a behavioral syndrome characterized by the following group of developmentally inappropriate symptoms: moderate-to-severe distractibility, short attention span, hyperactivity, emotional lability, and impulsivity. The diagnosis of this syndrome should not be made with finality when these symptoms are only of comparatively recent origin. Nonlocalizing (soft) neurological signs, learning disability, and abnormal EEG may or may not be present, and a diagnosis of central nervous system dysfunction may or may not be warranted.

Specific etiology of this syndrome is unknown, and there is no single diagnostic test. Adequate diagnosis requires the use not only of medical but of special psychological, educational, and social resources.

Characteristics commonly reported include: chronic history of short attention span, distractibility, emotional lability, impulsivity, and moderate-to-severe hyperactivity; minor neurological signs and abnormal EEG. Learning may or may not be impaired. The diagnosis must be based upon a complete history and evaluation of the child and not solely on the presence of one or more of these characteristics.

Drug treatment is not indicated for all children with this syndrome. Stimulants are not intended for use in the child who exhibits symptoms secondary to environmental factors and/or primary psychiatric disorders, including psychosis. Appropriate educational placement is essential and psychosocial intervention is generally necessary. When remedial measures alone are insufficient, the decision to prescribe stimulant medication will depend upon the physician's assessment of the chronicity and severity of the child's symptoms.

Marked anxiety, tension, and agitation are contraindications to Methylin^®, since the drug may aggravate these symptoms. Methylin^® is contraindicated also in patients known to be hypersensitive to the drug, in patients with glaucoma, and in patients with motor tics or with a family history or diagnosis of Tourette's syndrome.

Methylin^® is contraindicated during treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and also within a minimum of 14 days following discontinuation of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (hypertensive crises may result).

Stimulant medications cause a modest increase in average blood pressure (about 2 to 4 mmHg) and average heart rate (about 3 to 6 bpm), and individuals may have larger increases. While the mean changes alone would not be expected to have short-term consequences, all patients should be monitored for larger changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Caution is indicated in treating patients whose underlying medical conditions might be compromised by increases in blood pressure or heart rate, e.g., those with pre-existing hypertension, heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, or ventricular arrhythmia.

Children, adolescents, or adults who are being considered for treatment with stimulant medications should have a careful history (including assessment for a family history of sudden death or ventricular arrhythmia) and physical exam to assess for the presence of cardiac disease, and should receive further cardiac evaluation if findings suggest such disease (e.g., electrocardiogram and echocardiogram). Patients who develop symptoms such as exertional chest pain, unexplained syncope, or other symptoms suggestive of cardiac disease during stimulant treatment should undergo a prompt cardiac evaluation.

Careful follow-up of weight and height in children ages 7 to 10 years who were randomized to either methylphenidate or non-medication treatment groups over 14 months, as well as in naturaulic subgroups of newly methylphenidate-treated and non-medication treated children over 36 months (to the ages of 10 to 13 years), suggests that consistently medicated children (i.e., treatment for 7 days per week throughout the year) have a temporary slowing in growth rate (on average, a total of about 2 cm less growth in height and 2.7 kg less growth in weight over 3 years), without evidence of growth rebound during this period of development.

Published data are inadequate to determine whether chronic use of amphetamines may cause a similar suppression of growth, however, it is anticipated that they likely have this effect as well. Therefore, growth should be monitored during treatment with stimulants, and patients who are not growing or gaining height or weight as expected may need to have their treatment interrupted.

There is some clinical evidence that stimulants may lower the convulsive threshold in patients with prior history of seizures, in patients with prior EEG abnormalities in absence of seizures, and, very rarely, in patients without a history of seizures and no prior EEG evidence of seizures. In the presence of seizures, the drug should be discontinued.

Difficulties with accommodation and blurring of vision have been reported with stimulant treatment.

Methylin® should not be used in children under six years, since safety and efficacy in this age group have not been established.

Patients with an element of agitation may react adversely; discontinue therapy if necessary.

Periodic CBC, differential, and platelet counts are advised during prolonged therapy.

Drug treatment is not indicated in all cases of this behavioral syndrome and should be considered only in light of the complete history and evaluation of the child. The decision to prescribe Methylin^® should depend on the physician's assessment of the chronicity and severity of the child's symptoms and their appropriateness for his/her age. Prescription should not depend solely on the presence of one or more of the behavioral characteristics.

When these symptoms are associated with acute stress reactions, treatment with Methylin^® is usually not indicated.

Long-term effects of Methylin^® in children have not been well established.

Prescribers or other health professionals should inform patients, their families, and their caregivers about the benefits and risks associated with treatment with methylphenidate and should counsel them in its appropriate use. A patient Medication Guide is available for Methylin^® Oral Solution. The prescriber or health professional should instruct patients, their families, and their caregivers to read the Medication Guide and should assist them in understanding its spans. Patients should be given the opportunity to discuss the spans of the Medication Guide and to obtain answers to any questions they may have. The complete div of the Medication Guide is reprinted at the end of this document.

Methylin^® may decrease the hypotensive effect of guanethidine. Use cautiously with pressor agents.

Human pharmacologic studies have shown that Methylin^® may inhibit the metabolism of coumarin anticoagulants, anticonvulsants (phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin, primidone), phenylbutazone, and tricyclic drugs (imipramine, clomipramine, desipramine). Downward dosage adjustments of these drugs may be required when given concomitantly with Methylin^®.

Serious adverse events have been reported in concomitant use with clonidine, although no causality for the combination has been established. The safety of using methylphenidate in combination with clonidine or other centrally acting alpha-2 agonists has not been systemically evaluated.

In a lifetime carcinogenicity study carried out in B6C3F1 mice, methylphenidate caused an increase in hepatocellular adenomas and, in males only, an increase in hepatoblastomas, at a daily dose of approximately 60 mg/kg/day. This dose is approximately 30 times and 2.5 times the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/kg and mg/m2 basis, respectively. Hepatoblastoma is a relatively rare rodent malignant tumor type. There was no increase in total malignant hepatic tumors. The mouse strain used is sensitive to the development of hepatic tumors, and the significance of these results to humans is unknown.

Methylphenidate did not cause any increase in tumors in a lifetime carcinogenicity study carried out in F344 rats; the highest dose used was approximately 45 mg/kg/day, which approximately 22 times and 4 times the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/kg and mg/m² basis, respectively.

Methylphenidate was not mutagenic in the in vitro Ames reverse mutation assay or in the in vitro mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay. Sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations were increased, indicative of a weak clastogenic response, in an in vitro assay in cultured Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. The genotoxic potential of methylphenidate has not been evaluated in an in vivo assay.

Adequate animal reproduction studies to establish safe use of Methylin^® during pregnancy have not been conducted. However, in a recently conducted study, methylphenidate has been shown to have teratogenic effects in rabbits when given in doses of 200 mg/kg/day, which is approximately 167 times and 78 times the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/kg and a mg/m² basis, respectively. In rats, teratogenic effects were not seen when the drug was given in doses of 75 mg/kg/day, which is approximately 62.5 and 13.5 times the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/kg and a mg/m² basis, respectively. Therefore, until more information is available, methylphenidate should not be prescribed for women of childbearing age unless, in the opinion of the physician, the potential benefits outweigh the possible risks.

Nervousness and insomnia are the most common adverse reactions but are usually controlled by reducing dosage and omitting the drug in the afternoon or evening. Other reactions include hypersensitivity (including skin rash, urticaria, fever, arthralgia, exfoliative dermatitis, erythema multiforme with histopathological findings of necrotizing vasculitis, and thrombocytopenic purpura); anorexia; nausea; dizziness; palpitations; headache; dyskinesia; drowsiness; blood pressure and pulse changes, both up and down; tachycardia; angina; cardiac arrhythmia; abdominal pain; weight loss during prolonged therapy. There have been rare reports of Tourette's syndrome. Toxic psychosis has been reported. Although a definite causal relationship has not been established, the following have been reported in patients taking this drug: instances of abdominal liver function, ranging from transaminase elevation to hepatic coma; isolated cases of cerebral arteritis and/or occlusion; leukopenia and/or anemia; transient depressed mood; a few instances of scalp hair loss. Very rare reports of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) have been received, and, in most of these, patients were concurrently receiving therapies associated with NMS. In a single report, a ten year old boy who had been taking methylphenidate for approximately 18 months experienced an NMS-like event within 45 minutes of ingesting his first dose of venlafaxine. It is uncertain whether this case represented a drug-drug interaction, a response to either drug alone, or some other cause.

In children, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, weight loss during prolonged therapy, insomnia, and tachycardia may occur more frequently; however, any of the other adverse reactions uled above may also occur.

Signs and symptoms of acute overdosage, resulting principally from overstimulation of the central nervous system and from excessive sympathomimetic effects, may include the following: vomiting, agitation, tremors, hyperreflexia, muscle twitching, convulsions (may be followed by coma), euphoria, confusion, hallucinations, delirium, sweating, flushing, headache, hyperpyrexia, tachycardia, palpitations, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, mydriasis, and dryness of mucous membranes.

Consult with a Certified Poison Control Center regarding treatment for up-to-date guidance and advice.

Treatment consists of appropriate supportive measures. The patient must be protected against self-injury and against external stimuli that would aggravate overstimulation already present. Gastric spans may be evacuated by gastric lavage. In the presence of severe intoxication, use a carefully titrated dosage of a short-acting barbiturate before performing gastric lavage. Other measures to detoxify the gut include administration of activated charcoal and a cathartic.

Intensive care must be provided to maintain adequate circulation and respiratory exchange; external cooling procedures may be required for hyperpyrexia.

Efficacy of peritoneal dialysis or extracorporeal hemodialysis for methylphenidate overdosage has not been established.

Dosage should be individualized according to the needs and responses of the patient.

Administer in divided doses 2 or 3 times daily, preferably 30 to 45 minutes before meals. Average dosage is 20 to 30 mg daily. Some patients may require 40 to 60 mg daily. In others, 10 to 15 mg daily will be adequate. Patients who are unable to sleep if medication is taken late in the day should take the last dose before 6 p.m.

Methylin^® should be initiated in small doses, with gradual weekly increments. Daily dosage above 60 mg is not recommended.

If improvement is not observed after appropriate dosage adjustment over a one-month period, the drug should be discontinued.

Start with 5 mg twice daily (before breakfast and lunch) with gradual increments of 5 to 10 mg weekly.

If paradoxical aggravation of symptoms or other adverse effects occur, reduce dosage, or, if necessary, discontinue the drug.

Methylin^® should be periodically discontinued to assess the child's condition. Improvement may be sustained when the drug is either temporarily or permanently discontinued.

Drug treatment should not and need not be indefinite and usually may be discontinued after puberty.

Methylin^® Oral Solution 5 mg per 5 mL is available as a colorless, grape flavored liquid.

•  Bottles of 500 mL . . . . . . . . NDC 68188-881-50

Methylin^® Oral Solution 10 mg per 5 mL is available as a colorless, grape flavored liquid.

•  Bottles of 500 mL . . . . . . . . NDC 68188-882-50

Dispense in tight container with child-resistant closure.

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Read the Medication Guide that comes with METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION before you or your child starts taking it and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This Medication Guide does not take the place of talking to your doctor about your or your child's treatment with METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION.

What Is METHYLIN^®ORAL SOLUTION?

METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION is a central nervous system stimulant prescription medicine. METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION is a liquid form of medication that you take by mouth. It is used for the treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION may help increase attention and decrease impulsiveness and hyperactivity in patients with ADHD.

METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION should be used as a part of a total treatment program for ADHD that may include counseling or other therapies.

METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION is also used in the treatment of a sleep disorder called narcolepsy.

Who should not take METHYLIN^®ORAL SOLUTION?

METHYLIN^®ORAL SOLUTION should not be taken if you or your child:

• are very anxious, tense, or agitated
• have an eye problem called glaucoma
• have tics or Tourette's syndrome, or a family history of Tourette's syndrome. Tics are hard to control repeated movements or sounds.
• are taking or have taken within the past 14 days an antidepression medicine called a monoamine oxidase inhibitor or MAOI.
• are allergic to anything in METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION. See the end of this Medication Guide for a complete ul of ingredients.

METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION should not be used in children less than 6 years old because it has not been studied in this age group.

METHYLIN^®ORAL SOLUTION may not be right for you or your child. Before starting METHYLIN^®ORAL SOLUTION tell your or your child's doctor about all health conditions (or a family history of) including:

• heart problems, heart defects, high blood pressure
• mental problems including psychosis, mania, bipolar illness, or depression
• tics or Tourette's syndrome
• seizures or have had an abnormal brain wave test (EEG)

Tell your doctor if you or your child is pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding.

Can METHYLIN^®ORAL SOLUTION be taken with other medicines?

Tell your doctor about all of the medicines that you or your child take including prescription and nonprescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION and some medicines may interact with each other and cause serious side effects. Sometimes the doses of other medicines will need to be adjusted while taking METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION.

Your doctor will decide whether METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION can be taken with other medicines.

Especially tell your doctor if you or your child takes:

• anti-depression medicines including MAOIs
• seizure medicines
• blood thinner medicines
• blood pressure medicines
• cold or allergy medicines that contain decongestants

Know the medicines that you or your child takes. Keep a ul of your medicines with you to show your doctor and pharmacist.

Do not start any new medicine while taking METHYLIN^®ORAL SOLUTION without talking to your doctor first.

How should METHYLIN^®ORAL SOLUTION be taken?

• Take METHYLIN^®ORAL SOLUTION exactly as prescribed. Your doctor may adjust the dose until it is right for you or your child.
• METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION is usually taken 2 to 3 times a day.
• Take METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION 30 to 45 minutes before meals.
• From time to time, your doctor may stop METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION treatment for awhile to check ADHD symptoms.
• Your doctor may do regular checks of the blood, heart, and blood pressure while taking METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION. Children should have their height and weight checked often while taking METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION. METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION treatment may be stopped if a problem is found during these check-ups.
• If you or your child takes too much METHYLIN^®ORAL SOLUTION or overdoses, call your doctor or poison control center right away, or get emergency treatment.

What are possible side effects of METHYLIN^®ORAL SOLUTION?

See “What is the most important information I should know about METHYLIN® ORAL SOLUTION?” for information on reported heart and mental problems.

Other serious side effects include:

• slowing of growth (height and weight) in children
• seizures, mainly in patients with a history of seizures
• eyesight changes or blurred vision

Common side effects include:

• nervousness
• trouble sleeping
• headache
• stomach ache
• fast heart beat
• nausea
• decreased appetite
• dizziness
• weight loss

Talk to your doctor if you or your child has side effects that are bothersome or do not go away.

This is not a complete ul of possible side effects. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for more

information.

How should I store METHYLIN^®ORAL SOLUTION?

• Store METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION in a safe place at room temperature, 68° to 77°F (20° to 25°C).
• Keep METHYLIN^®ORAL SOLUTION and all medicines out of the reach of children.

General information about METHYLIN^®ORAL SOLUTION

Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those uled in a Medication Guide. Do not use METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION to other people, even if they have the same condition. It may harm them and it is against the law.

This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION. If you would like more information, talk with your doctor. You can ask your doctor or pharmacist for information about METHYLIN^® ORAL SOLUTION that was written for healthcare professionals. For more information, please contact Alliant Pharmaceuticals at 1-770- 817-4500 or visit the website at www.methylin4kids.com.

What are the ingredients in METHYLIN^®ORAL SOLUTION?

Active Ingredient: methylphenidate hydrochloride USP

Inactive Ingredients: citric acid anhydrous USP, glycerin USP, N&A grape flavor, PEG 1450 NF, and purified water USP.

This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Manufactured for:
Alliant Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
333 North Point Center East, Suite 250
Alpharetta, Georgia 30022 U.S.A.

Manufactured by:
Mallinckrodt Inc.
St. Louis, MO 63134 U.S.A.

Rev 060607