NovoLog® (insulin aspart (rDNA origin) injection)

NovoLog^® (insulin aspart [rDNA origin] injection) is a human insulin analog that is a rapid-acting, parenteral blood glucose-lowering agent. NovoLog is homologous with regular human insulin with the exception of a single substitution of the amino acid proline by aspartic acid in position B28, and is produced by recombinant DNA technology utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) as the production organism. Insulin aspart has the empirical formula C₂₅₆H₃₈₁N₆₅0₇₉S₆ and a molecular weight of 5825.8.

NovoLog is a sterile, aqueous, clear, and colorless solution, that contains insulin aspart (B28 asp regular human insulin analog) 100 Units/mL, glycerin 16 mg/mL, phenol 1.50 mg/mL, metacresol 1.72 mg/mL, zinc 19.6 µg/mL, disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate 1.25 mg/mL, and sodium chloride 0.58 mg/mL. NovoLog has a pH of 7.2-7.6. Hydrochloric acid 10% and/or sodium hydroxide 10% may be added to adjust pH.

The primary activity of NovoLog is the regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulins, including NovoLog, bind to the insulin receptors on muscle and fat cells and lower blood glucose by facilitating the cellular uptake of glucose and simultaneously inhibiting the output of glucose from the liver.

In standard biological assays in mice and rabbits, one unit of NovoLog has the same glucose-lowering effect as one unit of regular human insulin. In humans, the effect of NovoLog is more rapid in onset and of shorter duration, compared to regular human insulin, due to its faster absorption after subcutaneous injection (see Figure 2 and Figure 3).

The single substitution of the amino acid proline with aspartic acid at position B28 in NovoLog reduces the molecule's tendency to form hexamers as observed with regular human insulin. NovoLog is, therefore, more rapidly absorbed after subcutaneous injection compared to regular human insulin.

In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study 17 healthy Caucasian male subjects between 18 and 40 years of age received an intravenous infusion of either NovoLog or regular human insulin at 1.5 mU/kg/min for 120 minutes. The mean insulin clearance was similar for the two groups with mean values of 1.22 l/h/kg for the NovoLog group and 1.24 l/h/kg for the regular human insulin group.

Studies in normal volunteers and patients with diabetes demonstrated that subcutaneous administration of NovoLog has a more rapid onset of action than regular human insulin.

In a 6-hour study in patients with Type 1 diabetes (n=22), the maximum glucose-lowering effect of NovoLog occurred between 1 and 3 hours after subcutaneous injection (see Figure 3). The duration of action for NovoLog is 3 to 5 hours compared to 5 to 8 hours for regular human insulin. The time course of action of insulin and insulin analogs such as NovoLog may vary considerably in different individuals or within the same individual. The parameters of NovoLog activity (time of onset, peak time and duration) as designated in Figure 3 should be considered only as general guidelines. The rate of insulin absorption and consequently the onset of activity is known to be affected by the site of injection, exercise, and other variables (see PRECAUTIONS, General). Differences in pharmacodynamics between NovoLog and regular human insulin are not associated with differences in overall glycemic control.

A double-blind, randomized, two-way cross-over study with 16 patients with Type 1 diabetes demonstrated that intravenous infusion of NovoLog resulted in a blood glucose profile that was similar to that after intravenous infusion with regular human insulin (see Figure 4).

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of NovoLog in patients with Type 1 diabetes, two six-month, open-label, active-control (NovoLog vs. Novolin^® R) studies were conducted (see Table 1). NovoLog was administered by subcutaneous injection immediately prior to meals and regular human insulin was administered by subcutaneous injection 30 minutes before meals. NPH insulin was administered as the basal insulin in either single or divided daily doses. Changes in HbA1c, the rates of hypoglycemia (as determined from the number of events requiring intervention from a third party), and the incidence of ketosis were clinically comparable for the two treatment regimens. The mean total daily doses of insulin were greater (1-3 U/day) in the NovoLog-treated patients compared to patients who received regular human insulin. This difference was primarily due to basal insulin requirements. No serum glucose measurements were obtained in these studies.

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of NovoLog in patients with Type 2 diabetes, one six-month, open-label, active-control (NovoLog vs. Novolin R) study was conducted (see Table 1). NovoLog was administered by subcutaneous injection immediately prior to meals and regular human insulin was administered by subcutaneous injection 30 minutes before meals. NPH insulin was administered as the basal insulin in either single or divided daily doses. Changes in HbAlc and the rates of hypoglycemia (as determined from the number of events requiring intervention from a third party) were clinically comparable for the two treatment regimens.

To evaluate the use of NovoLog by subcutaneous infusion with an external pump, two open-label, parallel design studies (6 weeks [n=29] and 16 weeks [n=118]) compared NovoLog versus Velosulin (buffered regular human insulin) in patients with Type 1 diabetes. Changes in HbA1c and rates of hypoglycemia were comparable. Patients with Type 2 diabetes were also studied in an open-label, parallel design trial (16 weeks [n=127]) using NovoLog by subcutaneous infusion compared to pre-prandial injection (in conjunction with basal NPH injections). Reductions in HbA1c and rates of hypoglycemia were comparable. (See INDICATIONS AND USAGE, WARNINGS, PRECAUTIONS, Mixing Of Insulins, Information For Patients, DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, and RECOMMENDED STORAGE.)

NovoLog is indicated for the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus, for the control of hyperglycemia. Because NovoLog has a more rapid onset and a shorter duration of activity than human regular insulin, NovoLog given by injection should normally be used in regimens with an intermediate or long-acting insulin. NovoLog may also be infused subcutaneously by external insulin pumps. NovoLog may be administered intravenously under proper medical supervision in a clinical setting for glycemic control. (See WARNINGS, PRECAUTIONS [especially Usage In Pumps], Information For Patients [especially For Patients Using Pumps], Mixing Of Insulins, DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, RECOMMENDED STORAGE.)

NovoLog is contraindicated during episodes of hypoglycemia and in patients hypersensitive to NovoLog or one of its excipients.

NovoLog differs from regular human insulin by a more rapid onset and a shorter duration of activity. Because of the fast onset of action, the injection of NovoLog should immediately be followed by a meal. Because of the short duration of action of NovoLog, patients with diabetes also require a longer-acting insulin to maintain adequate glucose control. Glucose monitoring is recommended for all patients with diabetes and is particularly important for patients using external pump infusion therapy.

Hypoglycemia is the most common adverse effect of insulin therapy, including NovoLog. As with all insulins, the timing of hypoglycemia may differ among various insulin formulations.

Any change of insulin dose should be made cautiously and only under medical supervision. Changes in insulin strength, manufacturer, type (e.g., regular, NPH, analog), species (animal, human), or method of manufacture (rDNA versus animal-source insulin) may result in the need for a change in dosage.

Insulin Pumps: When used in an external insulin pump for subcutaneous infusion, NovoLog should not be diluted or mixed with any other insulin. Physicians and patients should carefully evaluate information on pump use in the NovoLog physician and patient package inserts and in the pump manufacturer's manual (e.g. NovoLog-specific information should be followed for in-use time, frequency of changing infusion sets, or other details specific to NovoLog usage, because NovoLog-specific information may differ from general pump manual instructions).

Pump or infusion set malfunctions or insulin degradation can lead to hyperglycemia and ketosis in a short time because of the small subcutaneous depot of insulin. This is especially pertinent for rapid-acting insulin analogs that are more rapidly absorbed through skin and have shorter duration of action.These differences may be particularly relevant when patients are switched from multiple injection therapy or infusion with buffered regular insulin. Prompt identification and correction of the cause of hyperglycemia or ketosis is necessary. Interim therapy with subcutaneous injection may be required. (SeePRECAUTIONS, Mixing Of Insulins, Information For Patients, DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, and RECOMMENDED STORAGE.)

Hypoglycemia and hypokalemia are among the potential clinical adverse effects associated with the use of all insulins. Because of differences in the action of NovoLog and other insulins, care should be taken in patients in whom such potential side effects might be clinically relevant (e.g., patients who are fasting, have autonomic neuropathy, or are using potassium-lowering drugs or patients taking drugs sensitive to serum potassium level). Insulin stimulates potassium movement into the cells, possibly leading to hypokalemia that left untreated may cause respiratory paralysis, ventricular arrhythmia, and death. Since intravenously administered insulin has a rapid onset of action, increased attention to hypoglycemia and hypokalemia is necessary. Therefore, glucose and potassium levels must be monitored closely when NovoLog or any other insulin is administered intravenously. Lipodystrophy and hypersensitivity are among other potential clinical adverse effects associated with the use of all insulins. As with all insulin preparations, the time course of NovoLog action may vary in different individuals or at different times in the same individual and is dependent on site of injection, blood supply, temperature, and physical activity. Adjustment of dosage of any insulin may be necessary if patients change their physical activity or their usual meal plan. Insulin requirements may be altered during illness, emotional disturbances, or other stresses.

As with all insulin therapy, the therapeutic response to NovoLog should be monitored by periodic blood glucose tests. Periodic measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin is recommended for the monitoring of long-term glycemic control. When NovoLog is administered intravenously, glucose and potassium levels must be closely monitored to avoid potentially fatal hypoglycemia and hypokalemia.

A number of substances affect glucose metabolism and may require insulin dose adjustment and particularly close monitoring.

• The following are examples of substances that may increase the blood-glucose-lowering effect and susceptibility to hypoglycemia: oral antidiabetic products, ACE inhibitors, disopyramide, fibrates, fluoxetine, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, propoxyphene, salicylates, somatostatin analog (e.g., octreotide), sulfonamide antibiotics.
• The following are examples of substances that may reduce the blood-glucose-lowering effect: corticosteroids, niacin, danazol, diuretics, sympathomimetic agents (e.g., epinephrine, salbutamol, terbutaline), isoniazid, phenothiazine derivatives, somatropin, thyroid hormones, estrogens, progestogens (e.g., in oral contraceptives).
• Beta-blockers, clonidine, lithium salts, and alcohol may either potentiate or weaken the blood-glucose-lowering effect of insulin. Pentamidine may cause hypoglycemia, which may sometimes be followed by hyperglycemia.
• In addition, under the influence of sympatholytic medicinal products such as beta-blockers, clonidine, guanethidine, and reserpine, the signs of hypoglycemia may be reduced or absent (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY).

• A clinical study in healthy male volunteers (n=24) demonstrated that mixing NovoLog with NPH human insulin immediately before injection produced some attenuation in the peak concentration of NovoLog, but that the time to peak and the total bioavailability of NovoLog were not significantly affected. If NovoLog is mixed with NPH human insulin, NovoLog should be drawn into the syringe first. The injection should be made immediately after mixing. Because there are no data on the compatibility of NovoLog and crystalline zinc insulin preparations, NovoLog should not be mixed with these preparations.
• The effects of mixing NovoLog with insulins of animal source or insulin preparations produced by other manufacturers have not been studied (see WARNINGS).
• Mixtures should not be administered intravenously.
• When used in external subcutaneous infusion pumps for insulin, NovoLog should not be mixed with any other insulins or diluent.

Standard 2-year carcinogenicity studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of NovoLog. In 52-week studies, Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed subcutaneously with NovoLog at 10, 50, and 200 U/kg/day (approximately 2, 8, and 32 times the human subcutaneous dose of 1.0 U/kg/day, based on U/body surface area, respectively). At a dose of 200 U/kg/day, NovoLog increased the incidence of mammary gland tumors in females when compared to untreated controls. The incidence of mammary tumors for NovoLog was not significantly different than for regular human insulin. The relevance of these findings to humans is not known. NovoLog was not genotoxic in the following tests: Ames test, mouse lymphoma cell forward gene mutation test, human peripheral blood lymphocyte chromosome aberration test, in vivo micronucleus test in mice, and in ex vivo UDS test in rat liver hepatocytes. In fertility studies in male and female rats, at subcutaneous doses up to 200 U/kg/day (approximately 32 times the human subcutaneous dose, based on U/body surface area), no direct adverse effects on male and female fertility, or general reproductive performance of animals was observed.

All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defects, loss, or other adverse outcome regardless of drug exposure. This background risk is increased in pregnancies complicated by hyperglycemia and may be decreased with good metabolic control. It is essential for patients with diabetes or history of gestational diabetes to maintain good metabolic control before conception and throughout pregnancy. Insulin requirements may decrease during the first trimester, generally increase during the second and third trimesters, and rapidly decline after delivery. Careful monitoring of glucose control is essential in such patients.

An open-label, randomized study compared the safety and efficacy of NovoLog versus human insulin in the treatment of pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes (322 exposed pregnancies (NovoLog: 157, human insulin: 165)). Two-thirds of the enrolled patients were already pregnant when they entered the study. Since only one-third of the patients enrolled before conception, the study was not large enough to evaluate the risk of congenital malformations. Mean HbA1c of ~ 6% was observed in both groups during pregnancy, and there was no significant difference in the incidence of maternal hypoglycemia.

Subcutaneous reproduction and teratology studies have been performed with NovoLog and regular human insulin in rats and rabbits. In these studies, NovoLog was given to female rats before mating, during mating, and throughout pregnancy, and to rabbits during organogenesis. The effects of NovoLog did not differ from those observed with subcutaneous regular human insulin. NovoLog, like human insulin, caused pre- and post-implantation losses and visceral/skeletal abnormalities in rats at a dose of 200 U/kg/day (approximately 32 times the human subcutaneous dose of 1.0 U/kg/day, based on U/body surface area) and in rabbits at a dose of 10 U/kg/day (approximately three times the human subcutaneous dose of 1.0 U/kg/day, based on U/body surface area). The effects are probably secondary to maternal hypoglycemia at high doses. No significant effects were observed in rats at a dose of 50 U/kg/day and rabbits at a dose of 3 U/kg/day. These doses are approximately 8 times the human subcutaneous dose of 1.0 U/kg/day for rats and equal to the human subcutaneous dose of 1.0 U/kg/day for rabbits, based on U/body surface area.

It is unknown whether insulin aspart is excreted in human milk. Many drugs, including human insulin, are excreted in human milk. For this reason, caution should be exercised when NovoLog is administered to a nursing mother.

A 24-week, parallel-group study of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (n = 283) age 6 to 18 years compared the following treatment regimens: NovoLog (n = 187) or Novolin R (n = 96). NPH insulin was administered as the basal insulin. NovoLog achieved glycemic control comparable to Novolin R, as measured by change in HbA1c. The incidence of hypoglycemia was similar for both treatment groups. NovoLog and regular human insulin have also been compared in children with type 1 diabetes (n=26) age 2 to 6 years. As measured by end-of-treatment HbA1c and fructosamine, glycemic control with NovoLog was comparable to that obtained with regular human insulin. As observed in the 6 to 18 year old pediatric population, the rates of hypoglycemia were similar in both treatment groups.

Of the total number of patients (n= 1,375) treated with NovoLog in 3 human insulin-controlled clinical studies, 2.6% (n=36) were 65 years of age or over. Half of these patients had Type 1 diabetes (18/1285) and half had Type 2 (18/90) diabetes. The HbA1c response to NovoLog, as compared to human insulin, did not differ by age, particularly in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Additional studies in larger populations of patients 65 years of age or over are needed to permit conclusions regarding the safety of NovoLog in elderly compared to younger patients. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies to assess the effect of age on the onset of NovoLog action have not been performed.

Clinical trials comparing NovoLog with regular human insulin did not demonstrate a difference in frequency of adverse events between the two treatments.

Adverse events commonly associated with human insulin therapy include the following:

Body as Whole - Allergic reactions (see PRECAUTIONS, Allergy).

Skin and Appendages - Injection site reaction, lipodystrophy, pruritus, rash (see PRECAUTIONS, Allergy; Information for Patients, Usage In Pumps).

Other – Hypoglycemia, Hyperglycemia and ketosis (see WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS).

In controlled clinical trials, small, but persistent elevations in alkaline phosphatase result were observed in some patients treated with NovoLog. The clinical significance of this finding is unknown.

Excess insulin may cause hypoglycemia and hypokalemia, particularly during IV administration. Hypoglycemia may occur as a result of an excess of insulin relative to food intake, energy expenditure, or both. Mild episodes of hypoglycemia usually can be treated with oral glucose. Adjustments in drug dosage, meal patterns, or exercise, may be needed. More severe episodes with coma, seizure, or neurologic impairment may be treated with intramuscular/subcutaneous glucagon or concentrated intravenous glucose. Sustained carbohydrate intake and observation may be necessary because hypoglycemia may recur after apparent clinical recovery. Hypokalemia must be corrected appropriately.

NovoLog should generally be given immediately before a meal (start of meal within 5 to 10 minutes after injection) because of its fast onset of action. The dosage of NovoLog should be individualized and determined, based on the physician's advice, in accordance with the needs of the patient. The total daily insulin requirement may vary and is usually between 0.5 to 1.0 units/kg/day. When used in a meal-related subcutaneous injection treatment regimen, 50 to 70% of total insulin requirements may be provided by NovoLog and the remainder provided by an intermediate-acting or long-acting insulin. Because of NovoLog’s comparatively rapid onset and short duration of glucose lowering activity, some patients may require more basal insulin and more total insulin to prevent pre-meal hyperglycemia when using NovoLog than when using human regular insulin.

When used in external insulin infusion pumps, the initial programming of the pump is based on the total daily insulin dose of the previous regimen. Although there is significant interpatient variability, approximately 50% of the total dose is given as meal-related boluses of NovoLog and the remainder as basal infusion. Additional basal insulin injections, or higher basal rates in external subcutaneous infusion pumps may be necessary. NovoLog in thereservoir and infusion sets, and the injection site must be changed at least every 48 hours.

NovoLog should be administered by subcutaneous injection in the abdominal wall, the thigh, or the upper arm, or by continuous subcutaneous infusion in the abdominal wall. Injection sites and infusion sites should be rotated within the same region. As with all insulins, the duration of action will vary according to the dose, injection site, blood flow, temperature, and level of physical activity.

Intravenous administration of NovoLog is possible under medical supervision with close monitoring of blood glucose and potassium levels to avoid hypoglycemia and hypokalemia. For intravenous use, NovoLog should be used at concentrations from 0.05 U/mL to 1.0 U/mL insulin aspart in infusion systems with the infusion fluids 0.9% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose, or 10% dextrose with 40 mmol/l potassium chloride using polypropylene infusion bags.

NovoLog may be diluted with Insulin Diluting Medium for NovoLog to a concentration of 1:10 (equivalent to U-10) or 1:2 (equivalent to U-50).

Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. Never use any NovoLog if it has become viscous (thickened) or cloudy; use it only if it is clear and colorless. NovoLog should not be used after the printed expiration date.

NovoLog is available in the following package sizes: each presentation containing 100 Units of insulin aspart per mL (U-100).

NovoLog in unopened vials, cartridges, and NovoLog FlexPen Prefilled syringes should be stored between 2° and 8°C (36° to 46°F). Donot freeze. Do not use NovoLog if it hasbeen frozen or exposed to temperatures that exceed 37°C (98.6°F). After a vial, cartridge, or Prefilled syringe has been punctured, it may be kept at temperatures below 30°C (86°F) for up to 28 days, but should not be exposed to excessive heat or sunlight. Opened vials may be refrigerated. Cartridges should not be refrigerated after insertion into the Novo Nordisk 3 mL PenFill cartridge compatible insulin delivery devices. The infusion set (tubing and needle) should be changed at least every 48 hours.

NovoLog in the reservoir should be discarded after at least every 48 hours of use or after exposure to temperatures that exceed 37°C (98.6°F).

Infusion bags prepared as indicated under DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION are stable at room temperature for 24 hours. A certain amount of insulin will be initially adsorbed to the material of the infusion bag.

NovoLog diluted with Insulin Diluting Medium for NovoLog may remain in patient use at temperatures below 30°C (86°F) for 28 days.

Date of Issue: May 2007

Version 13

NovoLog^®, NovoPen^® 3, PenFill^®, Novolin^®, FlexPen^®, PenMate®, and NovoFine^® are trademarks of Novo Nordisk A/S.

H-TRON^® is a trademark of Disetronic Medical Systems, Inc.

NovoLog^® is covered by US Patent Nos. 5,618,913, 5,866,538, and other patents pending.

FlexPen^® is covered by US Patent Nos. 6,582,404, 6,004,297, 6,235,400, and other patents pending.

PenFill^® is covered by US Patent Nos. 6,126,646, 5,693,027, DES 347894, and other patents pending.

© 2002-2007 Novo Nordisk Inc.

Manufactured By Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark

Manufactured For Novo Nordisk Inc., Princeton, New Jersey 08540

www.novonordisk-us.com

NovoLog^®

(Insulin aspart [rDNA origin] Injection)

3 mL PenFill^® Disposable Cartridge

(300 units per cartridge)

10 mL Vial (1000 units per vial)

100 units/mL (U-100)

• What is the most important information I should know about NovoLog?
  • For all NovoLog users
  • For pump users
• What is NovoLog?
• Who should not use NovoLog?
• What should I know about using insulin?
• What should I know about using NovoLog?
• What should I avoid when using NovoLog?
• What are the possible side effects of NovoLog?
• How should I store NovoLog?
• General advice
• Injection and pump infusion instructions
  • How should I inject NovoLog?
    • Using Vials
    • Using Cartridges
  • How should I infuse NovoLog with an external subcutaneous insulin infusion pump?
  • How should I mix insulins?

Read this information carefully before you begin treatment. Read the information you get whenever you get more medicine. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking with your doctor about your medical condition or your treatment. If you have any questions about NovoLog (NO-voe-log), ask your doctor. Only your doctor can determine if NovoLog is right for you.

What is the most important information I should know about NovoLog?

For All NovoLog Users

• NovoLog (NO-voe-log) is different from regular human insulin and buffered regular human insulin (Velosulin). It works faster (rapid onset of action) and will not work as long (shorter duration of action) as regular human insulin or buffered regular human insulin (Velosulin).
• Because the onset of action is fast, you should eat a meal 5 to10 minutes after a NovoLog injection or NovoLog bolus infusion dose given by an external pump. (A bolus is a large dose.) Eating right after the dose will reduce the risk of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
• The shorter duration of NovoLog’s action means that you may need to use an intermediate or longer-acting insulin (basal insulin) or higher basal rates of NovoLog insulin infusion in the pump. This will give the best glucose control and will help you avoid hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and ketoacidosis (too much acid [low pH] in your body).
• Glucose monitoring is recommended for all patients who use insulin.

If you use NovoLog by injection, you may need to increase some or all of the following:

• your total dose of insulin
• your dose of intermediate or long-acting insulin (for example, NPH)
• the number of injections of basal insulin

If you infuse NovoLog into the skin (subcutaneous tissue) by pump, you may need to increase some or all of the following:

• your total insulin dose
• the basal infusion dose
• the proportion of total insulin given as a basal infusion

Age and exposure to heat affect the stability of NovoLog and its preservative. Also, NovoLog does not work well after it has been frozen. Therefore, do not use old insulin or insulin that has been exposed to temperature extremes. Hyperglycemia may be a sign that the insulin is no longer working and needs to be replaced.

Do not mix NovoLog:

• with any other insulins when used in a pump
• with Lantus^® (insulin glargine [rDNA origin] injection) when used with injections by syringe

(You may, however, mix NovoLog with NPH when used with injections by syringe.

See: How should I mix insulins?)

For Pump Users

• Glucose monitoring is very important for patients using external pump subcutaneous infusion therapy. You should be aware that pump or infusion set malfunctions that result in inadequate insulin infusion can quickly lead to hyperglycemia and ketosis. Accordingly, problems with the infusion pump, the flow of insulin, or the quality of the insulin should be identified and corrected as quickly as possible. There is only a small amount of insulin infused into the skin with a pump. The faster absorption through the skin of rapid-acting insulin analogs and shorter duration of action may give you less time to identify and correct the problem than with buffered regular insulin.
• Therefore, you should dose with insulin from a new vial of NovoLog if unexplained hyperglycemia or pump alarms do not respond to all of the following:
  • a repeat dose (injection or bolus) of NovoLog
  • a change in the infusion set, including the NovoLog in the reservoir
  • a change in the infusion site

If these measures do not work, you may need to resume skin (subcutaneous) injections with syringes or insulin pens. Continue to monitor your glucose and ketones. If problems continue, you must contact your doctor.

• When NovoLog is used in an external subcutaneous insulin infusion pump, you should use only recommended pumps. Reservoirs, infusion sets, and injection site should be changed at least every 48 hours. In addition, the reservoir, the infusion set, and infusion site should be changed:
  • with unexpected hyperglycemia or ketosis
  • when the alarm sounds, as specified by your pump manual
  • if the insulin or pump has been exposed to temperatures over 98.6°F (37°C), such as in a sauna, with long showers, or on a hot day
  • if the insulin or pump could have absorbed radiant heat, for example from sunlight, that would heat the insulin to over 98.6°F (37°C). Dark colored pump cases or sport covers can increase this type of heat. The location where the pump is worn may also affect the temperature

Patients who develop “pump bumps” (skin reactions at the infusion site) may need to change infusion sites more often than every 48 hours.

For your safety, read the section “What are the possible side effects of NovoLog?” to review the symptoms of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and high blood sugar (hyperglycemia).

What is NovoLog?

NovoLog is a clear, colorless, sterile solution for injection or infusion under the skin (subcutaneously). NovoLog is a human-made form of insulin to lower your blood sugar faster than human regular insulin. Because the insulin is human-made by recombinant DNA technology (rDNA) and is chemically different from the insulin made by the human body, it is called an insulin analog. The active ingredient in NovoLog is insulin aspart. The concentration of insulin aspart is 100 units per milliliter, or U100. NovoLog also contains: glycerin, phenol, metacresol, zinc, disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate, and sodium chloride. Hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide may be added to adjust the pH. These ingredients help to preserve or stabilize NovoLog insulin. The pH (balance between acid and alkaline conditions) is important to the stability of NovoLog. Increases in temperature can affect the stability of NovoLog, so it may not work well.

Who should not use NovoLog?

Do not use NovoLog if:

• your blood sugar (glucose) is too low (hypoglycemia)
• you do not plan to eat right after your injection or infusion
• you are allergic to insulin aspart or any of the ingredients contained in NovoLog (check with your doctor if you are not sure)

Tell your health care provider or diabetes educator if you plan to become pregnant or breast feed, or if you become pregnant. NovoLog has not been tested for use in women who are nursing.

Tell your health care provider or diabetes educator about all medicines and supplements that you are using. Some medicines, including non-prescription medicines and dietary supplements, may affect your diabetes.

What should I know about using insulin?

• Make any change of insulin cautiously and only under medical supervision. Changes in the strength, manufacturer, type (for example: Regular, NPH, Lente^®), species (beef, pork, beef-pork, human) or method of manufacture (recombinant [rDNA] or animal source insulin) may cause a need for a change in the timing or dose of the new insulin.
• Glucose monitoring will help you and your health care provider adjust dosages.
• Always carry a quick source of sugar, such as candy or glucose tablets, to treat low blood sugars (hypoglycemia).
• Always carry identification that states that you have diabetes.

What should I know about using NovoLog?

See the end of this Patient Information for instructions for using NovoLog in injections and pumps.

• NovoLog starts working 10 to 20 minutes after injection or infusion. The greatest blood sugar lowering effect is between 1 and 3 hours after injection or infusion. This blood sugar lowering lasts for 3 to 5 hours. (The time periods are only general guidelines.)
• Because the onset of action is rapid, you should eat a meal within 5 to10 minutes after a NovoLog injection or a NovoLog bolus dose from an external pump to avoid low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
• The shorter duration of NovoLog’s action means that you may need to use an intermediate or longer-acting insulin (basal insulin) or higher basal rates of NovoLog insulin infusion in the pump. This will help you avoid hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis.
• Do not inject or infuse in skin that has become reddened or bumpy or thickened after infusion or injection. Insulin absorption in these areas may not be the same as that in normal skin, and may change the onset and duration of insulin action.
• Use NovoLog only if it appears clear and colorless. Do not use NovoLog if it appears cloudy, thickened, or colored, or if it contains solid particles.

What should I avoid while using NovoLog?

• Drinking alcohol may lead to hypoglycemia.
• Do not miss meals after injections of NovoLog or bolus infusions of NovoLog.

What are the possible side effects of NovoLog?

Insulins can cause hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), allergy, and skin reactions.

Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). This is the most common side effect. It occurs when there is a conflict between the amount of carbohydrates (source of glucose) from your food, the amount of glucose used by your body, and the amount and timing of insulin dosing. Therefore, hypoglycemia can occur with:

• The wrong insulin dose. This can happen with any of the following:
  • too much insulin is injected
  • the bolus dose of insulin infusion is set too high
  • the basal infusion dose is set too high
  • the pump does not work right, delivering too much insulin
• Medicines that directly lower glucose or increase sensitivity to insulin. This can happen with oral (taken by mouth) antidiabetes drugs, sulfa antibiotics (for infections), ACE inhibitors (for blood pressure and heart failure), salicylates, including aspirin and NSAIDS (for pain), some antidepressants, and with other medicines.
• Medical conditions that limit the body’s glucose reserve, lengthen the time insulin stays in the body, or that increase sensitivity to insulin. These conditions include diseases of the adrenal glands, the pituitary, the thyroid gland, the liver, and the kidney.
• Not enough carbohydrate (sugar or starch) intake. This can happen if:
  • a meal or snack is missed or delayed
  • you have vomiting or diarrhea that decreases the amount of glucose absorbed by your body
  • alcohol interferes with carbohydrate metabolism
•  Too much glucose use by the body.  This can happen from:
  • too much exercise
  • higher than normal metabolism rates due to fever or an overactive thyroid

Hypoglycemia can be mild or severe. Its onset may be rapid. Patients with very good (tight) glucose control, patients with diabetic neuropathy (nerve problems), or patients using some Beta-blockers (used for high blood pressure and heart conditions) may have few warning symptoms before severe hypoglycemia develops. Hypoglycemia may reduce your ability to drive a car or use mechanical equipment without risk of injury to yourself or others. Severe hypoglycemia can cause temporary or permanent harm to your heart or brain. It may cause unconsciousness, seizures, or death. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include:

• anxiety, irritability, restlessness, trouble concentrating, personality changes, mood changes, or other abnormal behavior
• tingling in your hands, feet, lips, or tongue
• dizziness, light-headedness, or drowsiness
• nightmares or trouble sleeping
• headache
• blurred vision or slurred speech
• palpitations (rapid heart beat)
• sweating
• tremor (shaking) or unsteady gait (walking)

Mild to moderate hypoglycemia can be treated by eating or drinking carbohydrates (milk, orange juice, sugar candies, or glucose tablets). More severe or continuing hypoglycemia may require the help of another person or emergency medical personnel. Patients who are unable to take sugar by mouth or who are unconscious may need treatment with a glucagon injection or glucose given intravenously (in the vein).

Talk with your doctor about severe, continuing, or frequent hypoglycemia, and hypoglycemia for which you had few warning symptoms.

Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) is another common side effect. It also occurs when there is a conflict between the amount of carbohydrates (source of glucose) from your food, the amount of glucose used by your body, and the amount and timing of insulin dosing. Therefore, hyperglycemia can occur with:

• The wrong insulin dose. This can happen from any of the following:
  • too little or no insulin is injected
  • the bolus dose of insulin infusion is set too low
  • the basal infusion dose is set too low
  • the pump or catheter system does not work right, delivering too little insulin
  • the insulin’s ability to lower glucose is changed by incorrect storage (freezing, excessive heat), or usage after the expiration date
• Medicines that directly increase glucose or decrease sensitivity to insulin. This can happen, for example, with thiazide water pills (used for blood pressure), corticosteroids, birth control pills, and protease inhibitors (used for AIDS).
•   Medical conditions that increase the body’s production of glucose or decrease sensitivity to insulin.  These medical conditions include fevers, infections, heart attacks, and stress.
•   Too much carbohydrate intake.   This can happen if you
  • eat larger meals
  • eat more often
  • increase the proportion of carbohydrate in your meals

Hyperglycemia can be mild or severe. It can progress to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or very high glucose levels (hyperosmolar coma) and result in unconsciousness and death. Although DKA occurs most often in patients with Type 1 diabetes, it can occur in patients with Type 2 diabetes who become severely ill. Urine or blood tests will show acetone, ketones, and high levels of glucose. Hyperosmolar coma occurs most often in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Urine and blood tests will show very high levels of glucose.

Glucose monitoring is very important for patients using external pump infusion therapy. You should be aware that pump or infusion set malfunctions that result in inadequate insulin infusion can quickly lead to hyperglycemia and ketosis. Accordingly, problems with the infusion pump, the flow of insulin, or the quality of the insulin should be identified and corrected as quickly as possible. The faster absorption of rapid-acting insulin analogs through the skin and shorter duration of action may give you less time to identify and correct the problem.

Because some patients experience few symptoms of hyperglycemia and ketosis, it is important to monitor your glucose several times a day. Symptoms of hyperglycemia include:

• confusion or drowsiness
• fruity smelling breath
• rapid, deep breathing
• increased thirst
• decreased appetite, nausea, or vomiting
• abdominal (stomach area) pain
• rapid heart rate
• increased urination and dehydration (too little fluid in your body)

Mild hyperglycemia can be treated by extra doses of insulin and drinking fluids (rehydration). Patients using pumps should check pump function and replace the insulin in the reservoir-syringe, as well as change the tubing and catheter and the infusion site. Patients using pumps may need to resume insulin injections with syringes or injection pens. Glucose and acetone-ketone levels should be monitored more often until they return to normal. More severe or continuing hyperglycemia requires prompt evaluation and treatment by your health care provider.

Allergy can be serious. Generalized allergy is an uncommon, but possibly life-threatening, reaction to insulin products. Symptoms include:

• itchy rash over the entire body
• shortness of breath or wheezing
• confusion
• low blood pressure
• rapid heart beat
• sweating

If you think you are having a generalized allergic reaction, get emergency medical help right away.

Allergic reactions at the injection site (itching, redness, hardness, or swelling) are more common than generalized allergy. They may need several days or weeks to clear up. Pump patients with site reactions may need to change their infusion sites more often than every 48 hours. Patients should avoid injection or infusion of insulin into skin areas that have reactions. Tell your doctor about such reactions, because they can become more severe, or they may change the absorption of insulin.

Lipodystrophy is a common change in the fat below the injection site. These changes include loss of fat (depressions in the skin called lipoatrophy) or thickening of the tissue under the skin (lipohypertrophy). Pump patients with lipodystrophy may need to change their infusion sites more often than every 48 hours. Patients should avoid injection or infusion of insulin into skin areas that have these reactions. Tell your doctor about such reactions because they can become more severe, or they may change the absorption of insulin.

How should I store NovoLog?

• NovoLog can be damaged by high temperatures. Therefore, be sure to protect it from high air temperatures, heat from the sun, saunas, long showers, and other heat sources. This is especially important if you use a pump or an insulin pen, because you carry these devices with you and they may be exposed to different temperatures as you go about your daily activities. Throw NovoLog away if it has been in temperatures greater than 98.6°F (37°C).
• Unopened NovoLog should be stored in a refrigerator but not in the freezer and protected from light. Even if it has been refrigerated and protected from sunlight and unopened, it should not be used after the expiration date on the label and the carton. Unopened vials and cartridges can be stored unrefrigerated at temperatures below 86°F (30°C) and protected from light for up to 28 days.
• Punctured vials and cartridges can be stored unrefrigerated at temperatures below 86°F (30°C) and protected from light for up to 28 days. Punctured vials may be stored in the refrigerator. Cartridges inserted into their NovoPen^® 3 device should not be stored in the refrigerator.
• The NovoLog in the pump reservoir and the complete infusion set (reservoir, tubing, catheter-needle) should be replaced at least every 48 hours. Replacement should be more often than every 48 hours if you have hyperglycemia, the pump alarm sounds, or the insulin flow is blocked (occlusion).
• Never use NovoLog if it has been stored improperly.

General advice

This leaflet summarizes the most important information about NovoLog. If you would like more information, talk with your doctor. You can ask your pharmacist or doctor for information about NovoLog that is written for health professionals.

Injection and pump infusion instructions

• NovoLog comes in 10 mL (milliliter) vials or in 3 mL cartridges. NovoLog can be withdrawn from vials with syringes for injection or for insertion into the reservoirs of external subcutaneous infusion pumps (Disetronic H-TRON^® series, MiniMed 500 series, or other pumps recommended by your doctor.)
• Doses of insulin are measured in units. NovoLog is available as a U-100 insulin. One milliliter (mL) of U-100 contains 100 units of insulin aspart (1 mL=1 cc). Only U-100 type syringes should be used for injection to ensure proper dosing.
• Disposable syringes and needles are sterile if the package is sealed. They should be used only once and thrown away properly, to protect others from harm.
• NovoLog PenFill^® cartridges are for use with NovoFine^® disposable needles and the following Novo Nordisk 3 mL PenFill compatible insulin delivery devices: NovoPen^® 3, NovoPen Junior, Innovo^®, and InDuo^®. Never share needles.

How should I inject NovoLog?

Using Vials

1. The vial and the insulin should be inspected. The insulin should be clear and colorless. The tamper-resistant cap should be in place to be removed by you. If the cap had been removed before your first use of the vial, or if the insulin is cloudy or colored, you should return the vial to the pharmacy. Do not use it.

2. Both the injection site and your hands should be cleaned with soap and water or with alcohol. The injection site should be dry before you inject.

3. The rubber stopper should be wiped with an alcohol wipe.

4. The plunger of the syringe should be pulled back until the black tip is at the level for the number of units to be injected.

5. Insert the needle of the syringe through the rubber stopper of the vial. Push in the syringe plunger completely to put air into the vial.

6. Turn the vial upside-down with the needle-syringe still attached, and pull the plunger back a few units past the correct dose.

7. Remove any air bubbles by flicking the syringe and squirting air bubbles out the needle. Continue pushing the plunger until you have the correct dose.

8. Lift the vial off the syringe.

9. Inject NovoLog into the subcutaneous (under the skin) tissue (not into muscle or blood vessels) in the abdomen, thighs, upper arms, or buttocks. Pinch the skin fold between your fingers and push the needle straight into the pinched skin. Because insulin absorption and activity can be affected by the site you choose, you should discuss the injection site with your doctor.

10. Release the pinched skin and push the plunger in completely. Keep the needle in the skin for a few seconds before withdrawing the syringe.

11. Press the injection site for a few seconds to reduce bleeding. Do not rub.

12. To avoid needle sticks, throw away the syringe and needle without recapping. Discuss sterile technique and proper disposal of your used insulin supplies with your doctor.

Using Cartridges

1. The cartridge and the insulin should be inspected. The insulin should be clear and colorless. The tamper-resistant foil should be in place to be removed by you. If the foil had been punctured or removed before your first use of the cartridge or if the insulin is cloudy or colored, you should return the cartridge to the pharmacy. Do not use it.

2. Both the injection site and your hands should be cleaned with soap and water or with alcohol. The injection site should be dry before you inject. Do not use skin that is reddened, itchy, or thickened as an infusion site.

3. Insert a 3 mL cartridge in the pen-device barrel. Attach a new needle to the end of the cartridge and turn the pen device upside-down so that any air bubbles can be eliminated by flicking the pen device and squirting air bubbles out the needle. (This should eliminate extra air for all future doses from that cartridge. However, the needle will need to be changed for each dose.)

4. Set the dose to be delivered by twisting the top of the pen-device until the correct number appears in the window.

5. Inject NovoLog into the subcutaneous (under the skin) tissue (not into muscle or blood vessels) in the abdomen, thighs, upper arms, or buttocks. Pinch the skin fold between your fingers and push the needle straight into the pinched skin. Because insulin absorption and activity can be affected by the site you choose, you should discuss the injection site with your doctor.

6. Release the pinched skin. Inject the dose by pressing the flat plunger button on the top of the pen-device. Keep the needle in the skin for a few seconds before withdrawing the pen-device.

7. Press the injection site for a few seconds to reduce bleeding. Do not rub.

8. Throw away the disposable needle without recapping to avoid needle sticks. Discuss sterile technique and proper disposal of your used insulin supplies with your doctor.

How should I infuse NovoLog with an external subcutaneous insulin infusion pump?

NovoLog is recommended for use with the Disetronic H-TRON series, MiniMed 500 series, or other pumps recommended by your doctor.

1. Inspect your insulin as you would for an injection. The insulin should be clear and colorless and without particles. The tamper-resistant cap should be in place to be removed by you. If the cap had been removed before your first use of the vial or if the insulin is cloudy or colored, you should return the vial to the pharmacy. Do not use it.

2. Both the infusion site and your hands should be cleaned with soap and water or with alcohol. The infusion site should be dry before you insert the catheter-needle and tubing. Do not use skin that is reddened, itchy, bumpy or thickened as an infusion site because the onset and duration of NovoLog action may not be the same as that in normal skin.

3. Fill the reservoir-syringe with 2 days worth of NovoLog plus about 25 extra units to prime the pump and fill up the dead space of the infusion tubing.

4. Remove air bubbles from the reservoir according to the pump manufacturers’ instructions.

5. Attach the infusion set to the reservoir. Make sure the connection is tight. Prime the infusion set until you see a drop of insulin coming out of the infusion needle-catheter. Flick the tubing to remove air bubbles. Follow the pump manufacturers’ instructions for additional priming.

6. Prime the needle-catheter and insert the infusion set into the skin according to the pump manufacturer.

7. Program the pump for mealtime NovoLog boluses and NovoLog basal insulin infusion according to instructions from your doctor and the manufacturer of your pump equipment.

8. Change the infusion site, the insulin reservoir, the tubing, the catheter-needle, and the insulin every 48 hours or less, even if you have not used all of the insulin. This will help ensure that NovoLog and the pump works well. (See “What is the most important information I should know about NovoLog?”)

9. Change the infusion site, the insulin reservoir, the tubing, the catheter-needle, and the insulin if you experience a pump alarm, catheter blockage, hyperglycemia, or if your pump insulin has been exposed to heat greater than 98.6°F (37°C). (See “What is the most important information I should know about NovoLog?”) Hyperglycemia identified with glucose monitoring may be the first indication of a problem with the pump, infusion set, or NovoLog. Hyperglycemia in the absence of an alarm still requires you to investigate because pump alarms are designed to detect back-pressure and occlusion. The alarms may not detect all the changes to NovoLog that could result in hyperglycemia. You may need to resume subcutaneous insulin injections if the cause of the problem cannot be promptly identified or fixed. (See “Hyperglycemia” under “What are the possible side effects of NovoLog?”) Remember that long stretches of tubing increase the risk for kinking and expose the insulin in the tubing to more variations in temperature.

These instructions give you specific information for use of NovoLog in external subcutaneous infusion pumps, but are not a substitute for pump education.

How should I mix insulins?

NovoLog should be mixed only when syringe injections are used. NovoLog can be mixed with NPH human insulin immediately before use. The NovoLog should be drawn into the syringe before the NPH. Mixing with other insulins has not been studied. NovoLog should not be mixed with Lantus (insulin glargine [rDNA origin] injection). Mixed insulins should NEVER be used in a pump or for intravenous infusion.

1. Add together the doses of NPH and NovoLog. The total dose will determine the final volume in the syringe after drawing up both insulins into the syringe.

2. Roll the NPH vial between your hands until the liquid is equally cloudy throughout.

3. Draw into the syringe the same amount of air as the NPH dose. Inject this air into the NPH vial and then remove the needle without withdrawing or touching any of the NPH insulin. (Transferring NPH to the NovoLog vial will contaminate the NovoLog vial and may change how quickly it works.)

4. Draw into the syringe the same amount of air as the NovoLog dose. Inject this air into the NovoLog vial. With the needle in place, turn the vial upside-down and withdraw the correct dose of NovoLog. The tip of the needle must be in the NovoLog to get the full dose and not an air dose.

5. Insert the needle into the NPH vial. Turn the NPH vial upside down with the syringe-needle still in it. Withdraw the correct dose of NPH.

6. Inject immediately to reduce changes in how quickly the insulin works.

Helpful information for people with diabetes is published by the American Diabetes Association, 1660 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314

Date of Issue: January 26, 2007

Version: 5

NovoLog^®, PenFill^®, NovoPen^®, Innovo^®, NovoFine^®, and Lente^® are trademarks of Novo Nordisk A/S.

Lantus^® is a trademark of Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc.

H-TRON^® is a trademark of Disetronic Medical Systems, Inc.

InDuo^® is a trademark of LifeScan, Inc., a Johnson & Johnson company.

NovoLog^® is covered by US Patent Nos. 5,618,913, 5,866,538, and other patents pending.

For information contact:

Novo Nordisk Inc.

100 College Road West

Princeton, New Jersey 08540

1-800-727-6500

www.novonordisk-us.com

Manufactured by

Novo Nordisk A/S

DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark

Printed in Denmark

NovoLog^® FlexPen^®

Insulin aspart (recombinant DNA origin) Injection

in a 3 mL Prefilled Syringe

100 units/mL (U-100)

Read this leaflet carefully before using NovoLog^®. Read the information you get when you refill your NovoLog prescription because there may be new information. This leaflet does not take the place of complete discussions with your health care provider. If you have questions about NovoLog or about diabetes, talk with your health care provider.

What is the most important information I should know about NovoLog?

• NovoLog is different than human regular insulin because it starts to work faster (rapid onset of action) and will not work as long (shorter duration of action) in your body as human regular insulin. You should eat a meal within 5 to 10 minutes after your injection of NovoLog to reduce the risk of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). The shorter duration of action of NovoLog means that if you have Type 1 diabetes, you may need to change your dose of total insulin or your dose of basal intermediate or long-acting insulin (e.g., NPH). You may also need to change the number of injections of basal insulin. You also may need to use a longer-acting insulin to give the best glucose control. Any change in dosage should be made under the supervision of your health care provider and carefully monitored.
• Any change of insulin should be made cautiously and only under medical supervision. Changes in strength, manufacturer, type (e.g., Regular, NPH, Lente^®), species (beef, pork, beef-pork, human), or method of manufacture (rDNA versus animal-source insulin) may result in the need for a change in the timing or dose of NovoLog or the longer-acting insulin, or both. Patients taking NovoLog may require a change in dose from that used with other insulins. If an adjustment is needed, it may occur with the first dose or during the first several weeks or months.

For your safety, read the section “What are the possible side effects of insulins?” for symptoms of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and high blood sugar (hyperglycemia).

What is NovoLog?

NovoLog is a human insulin analogue that lowers your blood sugar faster than human regular insulin. NovoLog is a clear, colorless, sterile solution for injection under the skin (subcutaneously). The active ingredient in NovoLog is insulin aspart. Insulin aspart is identical to human insulin except for one amino acid, which has been changed in the insulin molecule. Insulin aspart is produced by recombinant DNA technology.

NovoLog also contains: glycerin, phenol, metacresol, zinc, disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate, and sodium chloride. Hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide may be added to adjust the pH.

The concentration of NovoLog is 100 units of insulin aspart per milliliter (U 100).

NovoLog^® FlexPen^® syringes are for single person use only.

What is diabetes, and how is insulin used to treat diabetes?

Insulin is normally produced by the pancreas, a gland that lies behind the stomach. Without insulin, glucose is trapped in the bloodstream and cannot enter the cells of the body. Glucose is a simple sugar made from the food you eat. Some people who do not make any, or enough, of their own insulin, or who cannot use the insulin they do make, must take insulin by injection to control the amount of glucose in their blood (their blood glucose levels). Treatment for diabetes may involve injections of insulin, injections of insulin combined with an oral (taken by mouth) antidiabetic medicine, or an oral antidiabetic medicine alone.

Each case of diabetes is different and requires direct and continued medical supervision. Your health care provider has told you the type, strength and amount of insulin you should use and the time(s) when you should inject it.

Your health care provider has also discussed a diet and exercise schedule with you. Contact your health care provider if you have any problems or if you have questions.

What types of insulin are available?

There are 3 types of insulin: animal insulins, human insulins, and insulin analogs. Animal insulins may vary in animal source and how pure they are. Human insulin is identical in structure to the insulin produced by the human pancreas, and thus differs from animal insulins. Insulin analogs differ slightly from human insulin in their chemical structure and are synthetic. Insulin analogs differ in time of action from human insulin because the rate of absorption after injection under the skin (subcutaneous) is different. However, they work the same way as human insulin once they are absorbed. The animal insulins differ slightly from human insulin in their chemical structure. Your health care provider has prescribed the insulin that is right for you; be sure you have purchased the correct insulin and check it carefully before you use it.

Who should not use NovoLog?

Do not take NovoLog if:

• Your blood sugar (glucose) is too low (hypoglycemia).
• You are allergic to insulin aspart or any of the ingredients contained in NovoLog (check with your health care provider or pharmacist if you are not sure).
• You are not planning to eat immediately following your injection.

Tell your health care provider or diabetes educator if you plan to become pregnant or breast feed, or if you become pregnant. NovoLog has not been tested for use in women who are nursing. Tell your health care provider or diabetes educator about all medicines and supplements that you are using. Some medicines, including non-prescription medicines and dietary supplements, may affect your diabetes.

What should I know about insulin use?

• A change in the type, strength or species of insulin could require a dosage adjustment. Any change in insulin should be made under medical supervision.
• Monitor your glucose levels as directed by your health care provider. You may have learned how to test your blood or urine for glucose. It is important to do these tests regularly and to record the results for review with your health care provider or diabetes educator.
• Always carry a quick source of sugar such as candy, mints, or glucose tablets.
• Always carry identification that states that you have diabetes.
• Always ask your health care provider or pharmacist before taking any drug.

Always consult your health care provider if you have any questions about your condition or the use of insulin.

What should I know about NovoLog use?

Inject NovoLog immediately before a meal.

• The effects of NovoLog will start within 10 to 20 minutes after the injection is made.
• The maximum effect will be between 1 and 3 hours after the injection is made.
• The effect will last for 3 to 5 hours after the injection.

Due to this shorter duration of action, NovoLog is usually taken in combination with intermediate or longer-acting insulins. The effects of insulin may be different for different people. Even in the same person, the effects may vary from day to day. Because of this variation, the time periods uled here are general guidelines only. See the section “How should I give a NovoLog FlexPen Prefilled syringe injection” at the end of this Information For The Patient for detailed instructions.

What can affect how much insulin I need?

Illness

Even if you have an acute illness, especially with vomiting or fever, continue taking your insulin. If possible, stay on your regular diet. If you have trouble eating, drink fruit juices, regular soft drinks, or clear soups. If you can, eat small amounts of bland foods. Test your urine for glucose and ketones and, if possible, test your blood glucose. Note the results and contact your health care provider for possible insulin dose adjustment. If you have severe and continued vomiting, get emergency medical care.

Travel

If you are traveling across more than two time zones, consult your health care provider about adjusting your insulin schedule.

Exercise

Exercise may lower your body’s need for insulin during and for some time after physical activity. Exercise may also speed up the effect of a NovoLog dose, especially if the exercise involves the area of the injection site. Discuss with your health care provider how you should adjust your treatment to account for exercise.

Usage in Pregnancy

It is especially important to maintain good control of your diabetes during pregnancy. Pay special attention to your diet, exercise, and insulin regimens. If you are planning to have a baby, are pregnant, or are nursing a baby, consult your health care provider or diabetes educator. NovoLog has not been tested for use in women who are nursing.

Use with other Medicines

Insulin requirements may increase or decrease when taken in combination with other medicines. Drugs such as birth control pills, niacin, corticosteroids, or thyroid replacement therapy may increase insulin requirements. Drugs such as antidiabetic medicines, salicylates (for example, aspirin), sulfa antibiotics, and certain antidepressants may decrease insulin requirements. Your health care provider is aware of other medicines that may affect your diabetes control. Always discuss any medicines you are taking with your health care provider.

Beta blocking agents (used for the treatment of certain heart conditions and high blood pressure) may mask the symptoms of hypoglycemia or may increase or decrease the effects of NovoLog. ACE inhibitors (used for the treatment of certain heart conditions and high blood pressure) may increase the effects of NovoLog.

Drinking alcohol may lead to hypoglycemia.

What are the possible side effects of insulins?

Hypoglycemia (Insulin Reaction)

Insulin reaction (hypoglycemia) is the most common side effect of insulins. Hypoglycemia occurs when the blood glucose falls very low. The first symptoms of an insulin reaction usually begin suddenly. Hypoglycemia can be caused by:

• missing or delaying meals
• taking too much insulin
• exercising or working more than usual
• an infection or illness (especially with diarrhea, vomiting, or fever)
• a change in the body’s need for insulin
• diseases of the adrenal, pituitary, or thyroid gland, or progression of kidney or liver disease
• interactions with other drugs that lower blood glucose, such as oral hypoglycemics, salicylates (for example, aspirin), sulfa antibiotics, and certain antidepressants
• drinking alcoholic beverages

Symptoms of mild to moderate hypoglycemia may occur suddenly and can include:

• sweating
• dizziness
• palpitation
• tremor
• restlessness
• tingling in the hands, feet, lips, or tongue
• lightheadedness
• trouble concentrating
• headache
• drowsiness
• sleep problems
• anxiety
• blurred vision
• slurred speech
• depression
• irritability
• abnormal behavior
• unsteady movement
• personality changes

If you drink or eat something right away (a glass of milk or orange juice, or several sugar candies), you can often stop symptoms from getting worse. If symptoms continue, call your health care provider right away- hypoglycemia can lead to unconsciousness. If hypoglycemia causes loss of consciousness, you must have emergency medical care right away. If you have had repeated hypoglycemic reactions or if hypoglycemia has led to a loss of consciousness, contact your health care provider. Severe hypoglycemia can result in temporary or permanent harm to your heart function, brain function, or death.

In certain cases, the type and strength of the warning symptoms of hypoglycemia may change. This may happen especially with very tight glucose control or in patients with diabetic nerve problems (neuropathy). If you do not recognize early warning symptoms, you may not be able to take steps to avoid more serious hypoglycemia. Symptoms of severe hypoglycemia can include disorientation, unconsciousness, or seizures. Hypoglycemia can result in death. Be alert for all of the various types of symptoms that can indicate hypoglycemia. Patients who develop hypoglycemia without early warning symptoms should monitor their blood glucose frequently, especially before activities such as driving. If the blood glucose is below your normal fasting glucose, you should eat or drink sugar-containing foods to treat your hypoglycemia.

Patients should always carry a quick source of sugar, such as candy, mints, or glucose tablets. More severe hypoglycemia may require the help of another person. Patients who are unable to take sugar orally or who are unconscious require an injection of glucagon or should be treated with intravenous glucose at a medical facility.

Learn to recognize your own symptoms of hypoglycemia. If you are uncertain about these symptoms, you should monitor your blood glucose frequently to help you learn to recognize the symptoms that you experience with hypoglycemia. If you have frequent episodes of hypoglycemia or have trouble recognizing the symptoms, consult your health care provider to discuss possible changes in therapy, meal plan, and exercise programs to help you avoid hypoglycemia.

Hyperglycemia and Diabetic Acidosis

Hyperglycemia (too much glucose in the blood) may develop if your body has too little insulin. Hyperglycemia can be brought about by any of the following:

• Not taking your insulin or taking less than the health care provider has prescribed
• Eating significantly more than your meal plan suggests
• Developing a fever, infection, or other significant stressful situation

In patients with insulin-dependent diabetes (Type 1 diabetes), continued hyperglycemia can result in diabetic acidosis. The first symptoms of diabetic acidosis usually come on slowly, over a period of hours or days. Symptoms include a drowsy feeling, flushed face, thirst, loss of appetite, and fruity odor on the breath. With acidosis, urine tests show large amounts of glucose and acetone. More severe symptoms are heavy breathing and a rapid pulse. If uncorrected, continued hyperglycemia or diabetic acidosis can lead to nausea, vomiting, dehydration, loss of consciousness, or death. Therefore, it is important that you obtain medical help right away.

Allergy

Generalized Allergy: An uncommon, but potentially serious reaction to insulins, is generalized allergy, which may cause a rash over the whole body, shortness of breath, wheezing, reduced blood pressure, fast pulse, or sweating. Severe cases of generalized allergy may be life threatening. If you think you are having a generalized allergic reaction, notify a health care provider right away.

Local Allergy: Patients sometimes develop redness, swelling, and itching at the site of injection. This condition, called “local allergy,” usually clears up in a few days to a few weeks. Sometimes, this condition may be related to factors other than insulin, such as irritants in skin cleansing agents or poor injection technique. If you have a local reaction, contact your health care provider.

Lipodystrophy

Sometimes, getting insulin subcutaneously can result in lipoatrophy (depression in the skin) or lipohypertrophy (enlargement or thickening of tissue at the injection site). If you notice either of these conditions, consult your health care provider. A change in your injection technique may help reduce the problem.

Always consult your health care provider if you have any questions about your condition or the use of insulin.

How should I store NovoLog?

• Store insulin in a refrigerator, but not in the freezer. Do not use NovoLog FlexPen Prefilled syringe if it has been frozen. Keep unused NovoLog FlexPen Prefilled syringes in the carton so that they will stay clean and protected from light.
• The NovoLog FlexPen Prefilled syringe that you are currently using can be kept unrefrigerated for 28 days, as long as it is kept as cool as possible (below 86°F [30°C]). Keep away from direct heat and light. Throw away unrefrigerated NovoLog FlexPen Prefilled syringes after 28 days, even if they still contain NovoLog.
• Do not use NovoLog if it appears cloudy, thickened, slightly colored, or if solid particles are visible. Use it only if it is clear and colorless.
• Never use NovoLog after the expiration date printed on the label and carton.

General advice about prescription medicines

Do not share your medicine with other persons. It may harm them. If you have any questions about diabetes or NovoLog, ask your health care provider. Your pharmacist or health care provider can give you the written information about NovoLog that is written for health care professionals.

How should I give a NovoLog^® FlexPen^® Prefilled syringe injection?

Never share your NovoLog FlexPen Prefilled syringe and needles. Sharing may cause infections. Disposable needles are for single use. Use the disposable needle once and throw it away properly, to protect others from harm.

Caution

If you do not follow the instructions and advice in this leaflet about antiseptic measures for avoiding germs, you may develop infections, most commonly, at the injection site.

How do I prepare the injection?

Do not use NovoLog after the expiration date printed on the label and carton.

• Never place a single-use needle on your insulin delivery device until you are ready to give an injection. Remove the needle after you complete the injection and throw it away properly, so it will not harm others.
• To use this syringe, follow the directions on the back of this leaflet for using this syringe.
• NovoLog FlexPen Prefilled syringes may contain a small amount of air. To prevent an injection of air and to inject a full dose of insulin, you must do an air shot before each injection. Directions for performing an air shot are on the back of this leaflet.

How do I give the injection?

Use the injection technique recommended by your health care provider.

• Do not inject insulin into your muscle unless your health care provider has advised it. Never inject insulin into a vein.
• The following areas are suitable for subcutaneous (under the skin) insulin injection: thighs, upper arms, buttocks, and abdomen. Do not change areas without consulting your health care provider because the insulin absorption and duration of action may vary. Absorption rate of the insulin affects the insulin’s onset and duration of action. The actual point of injection on your body should be changed each time. Injection sites should be about an inch apart, in the same area of your body.
• Clean your hands with soap and water. Clean the injection site with soap and water or with alcohol. The injection site on your body should be clean and dry.
• Pinch up the skin area to be injected and hold it firmly.
• Hold your device like a pencil and push the needle quickly and firmly into the pinched-up skin. If it goes straight in, it will probably sting less.
• Release your skin and push the button on your device all the way in. This injects the insulin beneath your skin. After the injection the needle should remain under the skin for at least 6 seconds. Keep the push button fully depressed until the needle is withdrawn from the skin. This will ensure that the full dose has been delivered.
• After injecting the insulin and ensuring all of the insulin is injected, pull the needle out.
• Press gently over the injection site for several seconds - do not rub. If slight bleeding occurs, press lightly with a dry cotton swab for a few seconds - do not rub.
• Remove the needle from the NovoLog FlexPen Prefilled syringe. Do not reuse needles. Throw away used needles in a responsible manner so they will not harm others. For example, you can use a hard-walled container, such as a liquid laundry detergent bottle for this purpose.

Date of Issue: January 26, 2007

Version: 2

 Novo Nordisk^®, NovoLog^®, Novolin^®, FlexPen^®, PenFill^®, NovoPen^®, and NovoFine^®are trademarks owned by Novo Nordisk A/S. 

Helpful information for people with diabetes is published by American Diabetes Association, 1660 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314

For information contact:

Novo Nordisk Inc.

100 College Road West

Princeton, New Jersey 08540

1-800-727-6500

www.novonordisk-us.com

Manufactured by

Novo Nordisk A/S

DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark

NovoLog^® is covered by U.S. Patent Nos. 5,618,913, 5,866,538 and other patents pending.

Printed in Denmark

NovoLog^® FlexPen^® Prefilled syringe directions for use

NovoLog FlexPen Prefilled syringe is a disposable dial-a-dose insulin delivery system able to deliver from 1 to a maximum of 60 units. The dose can be adjusted in 1 unit increments. NovoLog FlexPen Prefilled syringe is designed for use with NovoFine^® single use needles or other products specifically recommended by Novo Nordisk. NovoLog FlexPen Prefilled syringe is not recommended for the blind or severely visually impaired without the assistance of a sighted individual trained in the proper use of the product.

Please read these instructions completely before using this device.

NovoFine^®

1. PREPARING THE SYRINGE

Pull off the cap.

Wipe the rubber stopper with an alcohol swab.

A. Remove the protective tab from the disposable needle and screw the needle onto the FlexPen. Never place a disposable needle on your FlexPen until you are ready to give an injection. Remove the needle right after use. If the needle is not removed, some liquid may leak from the FlexPen.

B. Pull off the outer and inner needle caps.

Giving the airshot before each injection:

Small amounts of air may collect in the needle and insulin reservoir during normal use.

To avoid injecting air and to ensure proper dosing, hold the syringe with the needle pointing up and tap the syringe gently with your finger so any air bubbles collect in the top of the reservoir. Remove both the plastic outer cap and the needle cap.

C. Dial 2 units.

D. Holding the syringe with the needle pointing up, tap the reservoir gently with your finger a few times. Still with the needle pointing up, press the push button as far as it will go and see if a drop of insulin appears at the needle tip. If not, repeat the procedure until insulin appears. Before the first use of each NovoLog FlexPen you may need to perform up to 6 airshots to get a droplet of insulin at the needle tip. If you need to make more than 6 airshots, do not use the syringe, and contact Novo Nordisk. A small air bubble may remain but it will not be injected because the operating mechanism prevents the reservoir from being completely emptied.

2. SETTING THE DOSE

E. Check that the dose selector is set at 0. Dial the number of units you need to inject. The dose can be corrected either up or down by turning the dose selector in either direction. When dialing back be careful not to push the push button as insulin will come out. You cannot set a dose larger than the number of units left in the reservoir.

3. GIVING THE INJECTION

Use the injection technique recommended by your doctor.

F. Deliver the dose by pressing the push button all the way in. Be careful only to push the push button when injecting.

G. After the injection the needle should remain under the skin for at least 6 seconds. Keep the push button fully depressed until the needle is withdrawn from the skin. This will ensure that the full dose has been delivered.

To avoid needlesticks, do not recap the needle. Throw away the needle safely after each injection.

It is important that you use a new needle for each injection. Health care professionals, relatives and other care givers should follow general precautionary measures for removal and disposal of needles to eliminate the risk of unintended needle penetration.

For more information see

How do I give the injection on the reverse side of this insert.

4. SUBSEQUENT INJECTIONS

It is important that you use a new needle for each injection. Follow the directions in steps 1 - 3.

The numbers on the insulin reservoir can be used to estimate the amount of insulin left in the syringe. Do not use these numbers to measure the insulin dose.

You cannot set a dose greater than the number of units remaining in the reservoir.

5. FUNCTION CHECK

If your NovoLog FlexPen is not working properly, follow this procedure:

• Screw on a new NovoFine needle
• Give an airshot as described in sections C to D
• Put the outer needle cap onto the needle
• Dispense 20 units into the outer needle cap, holding the pen with the needle pointing downwards.

The insulin should fill the lower part of the cap (as shown in figure H). If NovoLog FlexPen has released too much or too little insulin, repeat the test. If it happens again, contact Novo Nordisk and do not use your NovoLog FlexPen.

Dispose of the used NovoLog FlexPen carefully without the needle attached.

6. IMPORTANT NOTES

• If you need to perform more than 6 airshots before the first use of NovoLog FlexPen syringe to get a droplet of insulin at the needle tip, do not use the FlexPen.
• Remember to perform an air shot before each injection. See figures C and D.
• Take care not to drop the FlexPen.
• Remember to keep the NovoLog FlexPen syringe with you; don’t leave it in a car or other location where extremes of temperature can occur.
• NovoLog FlexPen syringe is designed for use with NovoFine disposable needles or other products specifically recommended by Novo Nordisk.
• Never place a disposable needle on this syringe until you are ready to use it. Remove the needle immediately after use.
• Throw away used needles in a responsible manner, so others will not be harmed.
• Throw away the used syringe, without the needle attached.
• Always carry a spare NovoLog FlexPen syringe with you in case your FlexPen is damaged or lost.
• Novo Nordisk cannot be held responsible for adverse reactions occurring as a consequence of using this insulin delivery system with products that are not recommended by Novo Nordisk.
• Keep this syringe out of the reach of children.